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Related Concept Videos

Kidney Structure01:45

Kidney Structure

The kidneys are two large bean-shaped organs located in the upper abdomen. They filter the blood several times a day to remove toxins and rebalance water and electrolytes of the circulatory system via the renal veins. The kidneys receive blood directly from the heart via the renal arteries. These arteries enter the kidney at the hilum, the concave surface of the bean, where they branch and divide into smaller vessels and capillaries.
Internal Anatomy of the Kidney01:12

Internal Anatomy of the Kidney

The kidneys are essential organs in the human body, performing a myriad of tasks that maintain homeostasis and overall health.
Anatomical Position and Dimensions
The kidneys are retroperitoneal organs positioned against the posterior abdominal wall on either side of the spine, roughly between the twelfth thoracic and third lumbar vertebrae. Each kidney is typically 10-12 cm long, 5-6 cm wide, and 3-4 cm thick, weighing about 150 grams.
Renal Cortex
The outermost region of the kidney is the...
External Anatomy of the Kidney01:21

External Anatomy of the Kidney

The kidneys are a pair of bean-shaped organs in the human body that play a critical role in maintaining overall health. They filter out waste products from the blood, regulate blood pressure, maintain electrolyte balance, and stimulate the production of red blood cells.
The kidneys are located in the retroperitoneal space on either side of the vertebral column, protected posteriorly by the 11th and 12th ribs. The right kidney sits slightly lower than the left owing to the presence of the liver...
Renal Corpuscle01:20

Renal Corpuscle

The glomerulus and Bowman's capsule are two essential components of the nephron, which is the functional unit of the kidney. These microscopic structures play a critical role in the process of blood filtration to produce urine.
Glomerulus: Structure and Function
The glomerulus is a tiny, intricate network of capillaries located at the beginning of the nephron. It's enveloped by the Bowman's capsule and receives its blood supply from an afferent arteriole, which divides into numerous capillaries...
Regulation of Angiogenesis and Blood Supply01:24

Regulation of Angiogenesis and Blood Supply

Rapidly dividing tumors, embryos, and wounded tissues require more oxygen than usual, lowering the oxygen concentration in the blood. At low oxygen or hypoxic conditions, an oxygen-sensitive transcription factor called the hypoxia-inducible factor 1 or HIF1 is activated. HIF1 is a dimeric protein of alpha (ɑ) and beta (β) subunits.  Under optimal oxygen conditions, HIF1β is present in the nucleus while HIF1ɑ remains in the cytosol. HIF1ɑ is hydroxylated by prolyl hydroxylase and factor...
Renal Regulation of Acid-Base Balance01:29

Renal Regulation of Acid-Base Balance

Metabolic reactions in the body produce nonvolatile acids, such as sulfuric acid, which generate an acid load of approximately 1 mEq of H+ per kilogram of body weight daily. Excreting H+ in the urine is essential to balance this acid load.
In the kidneys, cells within the proximal convoluted tubules (PCT) and the collecting ducts secrete hydrogen ions (H+) into the tubular fluid. Specifically, in the PCT, Na+/H+ antiporters secrete H+ while reabsorbing Na+.
However, the intercalated cells in...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 24, 2026

Isolation and Culture of Cells from the Nephrogenic Zone of the Embryonic Mouse Kidney
08:06

Isolation and Culture of Cells from the Nephrogenic Zone of the Embryonic Mouse Kidney

Published on: April 22, 2011

UFMylation orchestrates kidney development through YAP stabilization.

Yi Chen1, Longyi Wan1, Wei Chen1

  • 1Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.

The Journal of Biological Chemistry
|June 22, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

UFMylation is essential for kidney development by stabilizing the YAP protein, preventing its degradation. This process is crucial for normal kidney organogenesis and transcriptional activation.

Keywords:
UFL1UFMylationUFSP1UFSP2YAPkidney dysplasia

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Developmental Biology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • UFMylation, a post-translational modification, regulates cellular processes.
  • UFMylation ligase UFL1 deficiency causes kidney atrophy.
  • The role of UFMylation in organogenesis and its substrates are largely unknown.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Investigate the role of UFMylation in mammalian kidney development.
  • Identify critical UFMylation substrates involved in kidney organogenesis.
  • Elucidate the mechanism of UFMylation in regulating key developmental pathways.

Main Methods:

  • Genetic ablation of Ufl1 in murine kidneys.
  • Identification of YAP as a UFMylation substrate.
  • Analysis of YAP stabilization and nuclear accumulation.
  • Investigating the role of UFSP1 and UFSP2 in YAP de-UFMylation.

Main Results:

  • UFMylation is required for mammalian kidney development.
  • Genetic ablation of Ufl1 leads to severe kidney dysplasia, mimicking YAP loss.
  • YAP is UFMylated at K76, protecting it from degradation and promoting nuclear translocation.
  • UFSP1 is the primary protease for YAP de-UFMylation, and its depletion enhances YAP activity.

Conclusions:

  • UFMylation is a critical post-translational mechanism for YAP-dependent transcription during kidney development.
  • The study reveals complexity in YAP UFMylation regulation.
  • This work implicates a novel etiological pathway for kidney dysplasia.