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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 24, 2026

Synthesis of Plant Phenol-derived Polymeric Dyes for Direct or Mordant-based Hair Dyeing
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Published on: December 1, 2016

Engineered chromogenic proteins with carbohydrate binding modules for advanced textile dyeing.

André F Costa1, Filipe Teixeira2, Pedro Magalhães3

  • 1Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal.

International Journal of Biological Macromolecules
|June 22, 2026
PubMed
Summary

This study presents sustainable, eco-friendly protein-based dyes derived from marine organisms. These novel chromoprotein-CBM fusion proteins offer durable coloration for textiles without harsh chemicals, demonstrating low toxicity.

Keywords:
Carbohydrate-binding modules (CBM)Fusion chromoproteinsSustainable textiles coloration, protein-based dyesTextiles functionalization

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Area of Science:

  • Biotechnology
  • Materials Science
  • Environmental Science

Background:

  • Conventional textile dyes pose significant environmental risks.
  • Developing sustainable and eco-friendly coloration methods is crucial for the textile industry.
  • Protein-based colorants offer a potential alternative to synthetic dyes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a sustainable protein-based coloration strategy using marine-derived chromoproteins fused to a carbohydrate-binding module (CBM).
  • To evaluate the stability, coloration performance, and safety of these novel fusion proteins for textile applications.
  • To demonstrate the potential of these bio-based colorants as eco-friendly alternatives.

Main Methods:

  • Design and recombinant expression of three fusion proteins: Lime-CBM, Purple-CBM, and Red-CBM.
  • Structural characterization and molecular dynamics simulations to assess protein stability.
  • Coloration experiments on cotton, polyamide, and polyester fibers.
  • In vitro cytotoxicity assays using human skin keratinocytes.

Main Results:

  • Fusion proteins demonstrated high thermal stability, retaining structure and color up to 80°C.
  • Lime-CBM and Purple-CBM provided homogeneous and durable coloration on various textile substrates.
  • Color fastness was maintained over ten washing cycles without process optimization.
  • In vitro assays showed low cytotoxicity, indicating suitability for consumer products.

Conclusions:

  • Chromoprotein-CBM fusion proteins represent a versatile and high-performance platform for sustainable textile coloration.
  • This approach offers an eco-friendly alternative to conventional synthetic dyes, reducing environmental burden.
  • The developed protein-based colorants show promise for widespread application in the textile industry and beyond.