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Related Concept Videos

Radiation: Applications01:17

Radiation: Applications

The average temperature of Earth is the subject of much current discussion. Earth is in radiative contact with both the Sun and dark space; it receives almost all its energy from the radiation of the Sun and reflects some of it into outer space. Dark space is very cold, about 3 K, so Earth radiates energy into it. For instance, heat transfer occurs from soil and grasses, the rate of which can be so rapid that frost can occur on clear summer evenings, even in warm latitudes.
The average...
Absorption of Radiation01:05

Absorption of Radiation

The rate of heat transfer by emitted radiation is described by the Stefan-Boltzmann law of radiation:
Radiation Pressure: Problem Solving01:09

Radiation Pressure: Problem Solving

The radiation pressure applied by an electromagnetic wave on a perfectly absorbing surface equals the energy density of the wave. The wave's momentum also gets transferred to the surface when an electromagnetic wave is entirely absorbed by it. The rate at which momentum is transmitted to an absorbing surface perpendicular to the propagation direction equals the force on the surface.
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Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: Radiation and Light Sources01:13

Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: Radiation and Light Sources

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Generating Electromagnetic Radiations01:10

Generating Electromagnetic Radiations

The German physicist Heinrich Hertz (1857–1894) was the first to generate and detect certain types of electromagnetic waves in the laboratory. Starting in 1887, he performed a series of experiments that confirmed the existence of electromagnetic waves and verified that they travel at the speed of light. Hertz used an alternating-current RLC (resistor-inductor-capacitor) circuit that resonated at a known frequency and connected it to a loop of wire. High voltages induced across the gap in the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 24, 2026

Characterization of Recombination Effects in a Liquid Ionization Chamber Used for the Dosimetry of a Radiosurgical Accelerator
07:31

Characterization of Recombination Effects in a Liquid Ionization Chamber Used for the Dosimetry of a Radiosurgical Accelerator

Published on: May 9, 2014

Hybrid active-passive galactic cosmic ray simulator: Experimental implementation and microdosimetric

E Pierobon1, L Lunati2, T Wagner1

  • 1Biophysics Department, GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Planckstraße 1, 64291, Darmstadt, Germany.

Life Sciences in Space Research
|June 22, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A new galactic cosmic ray (GCR) simulator was developed for space radiation research. This tool accurately reproduces GCR fields, crucial for testing countermeasures against space exploration hazards.

Keywords:
GCRGalactic cosmic ray simulatorMicrodosimetryMonte CarloSpace radiation

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 24, 2026

Characterization of Recombination Effects in a Liquid Ionization Chamber Used for the Dosimetry of a Radiosurgical Accelerator
07:31

Characterization of Recombination Effects in a Liquid Ionization Chamber Used for the Dosimetry of a Radiosurgical Accelerator

Published on: May 9, 2014

Area of Science:

  • Space science and engineering
  • Radiation physics
  • Astrobiology

Background:

  • Space radiation, particularly galactic cosmic rays (GCRs), poses significant risks to astronauts and electronic systems.
  • Effective countermeasures require accurate simulation of space radiation environments using ground-based accelerators.
  • Previous simulation methods faced limitations in replicating the complex GCR spectrum.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and implement a novel GCR simulator using a hybrid active-passive methodology.
  • To experimentally characterize the microdosimetric properties of the simulated GCR field.
  • To validate the simulator's capability in reproducing a realistic GCR environment for research.

Main Methods:

  • In-silico design and optimization of the GCR simulator.
  • Implementation of a hybrid active-passive beam delivery system with energy switching and passive modulators.
  • Microdosimetric characterization using a tissue-equivalent proportional counter.
  • Comparison of experimental measurements with Monte Carlo simulations.

Main Results:

  • Successful implementation of the hybrid active-passive GCR simulator.
  • Experimental microdosimetric characterization confirmed the quality of the radiation field.
  • Measurements showed good agreement with Monte Carlo simulations, validating the GCR field reproduction.

Conclusions:

  • The developed GCR simulator effectively reproduces a galactic cosmic ray field.
  • This validated radiation field is essential for studying space radiation effects and testing countermeasures.
  • The hybrid methodology offers a promising approach for future space radiation simulation research.