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Related Concept Videos

Photoreceptors and Visual Pathways01:22

Photoreceptors and Visual Pathways

At the molecular level, visual signals trigger transformations in photopigment molecules, resulting in changes in the photoreceptor cell's membrane potential. The photon's energy level is denoted by its wavelength, with each specific wavelength of visible light associated with a distinct color. The spectral range of visible light, classified as electromagnetic radiation, spans from 380 to 720 nm. Electromagnetic radiation wavelengths exceeding 720 nm fall under the infrared category, whereas...
Phosphorylation01:02

Phosphorylation

The addition or removal of phosphate groups from proteins is the most common chemical modification that regulates cellular processes. These modifications can affect the structure, activity, stability, and localization of proteins within cells as well as their interactions with other proteins.
During phosphorylation, protein kinases transfer the terminal phosphate group of ATP to specific amino acid side chains of substrate proteins. Serine, threonine, and tyrosine are the most commonly...
Phosphorylation01:02

Phosphorylation

The addition or removal of phosphate groups from proteins is the most common chemical modification that regulates cellular processes. These modifications can affect the structure, activity, stability, and localization of proteins within cells as well as their interactions with other proteins.
During phosphorylation, protein kinases transfer the terminal phosphate group of ATP to specific amino acid side chains of substrate proteins. Serine, threonine, and tyrosine are the most commonly...
Channel Rhodopsins01:11

Channel Rhodopsins

Most organisms use photoreceptors to sense and respond to light. Examples of photoreceptors include bacteriorhodopsins and bacteriophytochromes in some bacteria, phytochromes in plants, and rhodopsins in the photoreceptor cells of the vertebral retina. The light-sensitive property of these receptors is because of the bound chromophores, such as bilin in the phytochromes and retinal in the rhodopsins.
Rhodopsins belong to the family of cell surface proteins called G-protein coupled receptors,...
Photosystem II01:22

Photosystem II

The multi-protein complex photosystem II (PS II) harvests photons and transfers their energy through its bound pigments to its reaction center, and ultimately to photosystem I (PSI) through the electron transport chain. The pigments responsible for caputirng the light energy in photosystems include chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoids.
The pigment molecules are arranged across  two photosystem domains — the antenna complex and the reaction center. The main aim of the pigment molecules...
Photosystem I01:27

Photosystem I

Although structurally similar to photosystem II (PSII), photosystem I (PSI) is has a different electron supplier and electron acceptor.
Both these photosystems work in concert. An excited electron from PSII is relayed to PSI via an electron transport chain in the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast, which is comprised of the carrier molecule plastoquinone, the dual-protein cytochrome complex, and plastocyanin. As electrons move between PSII and PSI, they lose energy and must be re-energized...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 24, 2026

Light-mediated Reversible Modulation of the Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase Pathway during Cell Differentiation and Xenopus Embryonic Development
09:32

Light-mediated Reversible Modulation of the Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase Pathway during Cell Differentiation and Xenopus Embryonic Development

Published on: June 15, 2017

Phosphorylation blues: Cracking the phototropin phosphocode.

Stuart Sullivan1, Arran Horne1, Dimitra Paliogianni1

  • 1School of Molecular Biosciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, Bower Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK.

Trends in Plant Science
|June 22, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Phototropins, blue-light receptors, control plant growth by regulating photosynthesis. Understanding their phosphorylation patterns, the phototropin phosphocode, is key to enhancing plant biomass.

Keywords:
NPH3/RPT2-like (NRL)autophosphorylationkinaselight signallingphototropinsubstrate phosphorylation

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Electrophysiological Methods for Measuring Photopigment Levels in Drosophila Photoreceptors
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Last Updated: Jun 24, 2026

Light-mediated Reversible Modulation of the Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase Pathway during Cell Differentiation and Xenopus Embryonic Development
09:32

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Published on: June 15, 2017

Electrophysiological Methods for Measuring Photopigment Levels in Drosophila Photoreceptors
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Separation of Spinach Thylakoid Protein Complexes by Native Green Gel Electrophoresis and Band Characterization using Time-Correlated Single Photon Counting
08:40

Separation of Spinach Thylakoid Protein Complexes by Native Green Gel Electrophoresis and Band Characterization using Time-Correlated Single Photon Counting

Published on: February 14, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Plant biology
  • Molecular plant physiology
  • Photobiology

Background:

  • Phototropins are crucial blue-light receptors in plants.
  • They regulate essential photomorphogenic responses like phototropism and chloroplast movement.
  • These receptors are autophosphorylating serine/threonine kinases initiating signaling at the plasma membrane.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize advances in understanding phototropin autophosphorylation.
  • To review identified substrate proteins and the phototropin phosphocode.
  • To discuss the role of protein phosphatases and potential engineering for enhanced plant biomass.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of phototropin research.
  • Analysis of phosphorylation events and substrate identification.
  • Discussion of signaling pathways and phosphatase modulation.

Main Results:

  • Extensive research has identified numerous phosphorylation sites on phototropins.
  • The 'phototropin phosphocode' dictates specific protein functions and responses.
  • Protein phosphatases play a significant role in regulating this phosphocode.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding the phototropin phosphocode is vital for deciphering blue-light signaling.
  • Modulating phototropin phosphorylation offers potential for improving photosynthetic efficiency.
  • Engineering these mechanisms could significantly enhance plant biomass and crop yields.