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Paul Fruton1,2, Emma Lisoir3,4,5, Happiness Imuetinyan3,6

  • 1LFCR, CNRS, E2S UPPA, Universite de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, Anglet, France. paul.fruton@unimi.it.

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Supercritical carbon dioxide (CO2) under a temperature gradient unexpectedly stratifies into distinct layers. This non-equilibrium behavior reveals structured dynamical heterogeneity near the Widom line.

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Area of Science:

  • Thermodynamics and Fluid Dynamics
  • Non-equilibrium Physics
  • Supercritical Fluids

Background:

  • Supercritical matter is typically viewed as a homogeneous phase without distinct liquid-gas boundaries.
  • Non-equilibrium conditions, such as temperature gradients, can alter the behavior of supercritical fluids.
  • The Widom line signifies a region of rapid property changes in supercritical fluids.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To experimentally investigate non-equilibrium density fluctuations in supercritical carbon dioxide (CO2).
  • To observe the effects of a stabilizing temperature gradient on supercritical CO2 structure.
  • To explore fluid behavior near the Widom line under non-equilibrium conditions.

Main Methods:

  • Experimental investigation of supercritical carbon dioxide (CO2).
  • Application of a stabilizing temperature gradient.
  • Observation of density fluctuations using shadowgraphy.

Main Results:

  • Spontaneous stratification of supercritical CO2 into distinct layers with sharp property transitions was observed.
  • These stratification signatures intensified near the Widom lines.
  • Analysis revealed Brunt-Väisälä oscillations, indicating coupled thermal-viscous modes and hydrodynamic stratification.

Conclusions:

  • Supercritical fluids under non-equilibrium conditions, particularly near the Widom line, can exhibit structured dynamical heterogeneity.
  • The study provides direct evidence of hydrodynamic stratification in supercritical CO2.
  • The experimental approach allows for systematic exploration of diverse thermodynamic states.