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Related Concept Videos

Self-Discrepancy and Its Effects01:29

Self-Discrepancy and Its Effects

Self-discrepancy theory explains how people compare their actual self to their ideal and ought selves and how mismatches between these self-guides can lead to emotional distress. Developed by E. Tory Higgins, the theory distinguishes among three components of self-concept: the actual self, the ideal self, and the ought self. These refer respectively to how individuals perceive themselves, how they aspire to be, and how they believe they are obligated to be. Emotional well-being, self-esteem,...
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Psychological and Sociocultural Causes of Schizophrenia01:29

Psychological and Sociocultural Causes of Schizophrenia

Schizophrenia, a complex psychiatric disorder, has been historically misunderstood. Early psychological theories attributed its origins to childhood trauma and unresponsive parenting. However, contemporary research largely rejects these notions, favoring the vulnerability-stress hypothesis. This model proposes that individuals with a genetic predisposition to schizophrenia may develop the disorder following exposure to significant environmental stressors. Notably, studies on high-risk...
Longitudinal Research02:20

Longitudinal Research

Sometimes we want to see how people change over time, as in studies of human development and lifespan. When we test the same group of individuals repeatedly over an extended period of time, we are conducting longitudinal research. Longitudinal research is a research design in which data-gathering is administered repeatedly over an extended period of time. For example, we may survey a group of individuals about their dietary habits at age 20, retest them a decade later at age 30, and then again...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 24, 2026

Development of a Virtual Reality Assessment of Everyday Living Skills
10:32

Development of a Virtual Reality Assessment of Everyday Living Skills

Published on: April 23, 2014

Self- and observer-rated functioning and psychiatric readmission: findings from multicenter longitudinal data.

Mai Iwanaga1,2, Sosei Yamaguchi3, Momoka Igarashi3

  • 1Department of Behavioral Social Sciences, Graduate School of Humanities, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1-1 Minamiosawa, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0397, Japan. maiiwa@tmu.ac.jp.

Scientific Reports
|June 22, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Psychiatric readmission status impacts patient functioning. While observer-rated functioning improved regardless of readmission, self-rated functioning (Sheehan Disability Scale, SDS) only improved in patients with no readmissions.

Keywords:
DischargeLongitudinal studyObserver-assessmentReadmissionSelf-assessmentSocial functioning

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 24, 2026

Development of a Virtual Reality Assessment of Everyday Living Skills
10:32

Development of a Virtual Reality Assessment of Everyday Living Skills

Published on: April 23, 2014

Area of Science:

  • Psychiatry
  • Clinical Psychology
  • Health Services Research

Background:

  • Patient functioning is a key outcome in psychiatric care.
  • Understanding how psychiatric readmission affects functioning is crucial for improving patient recovery and long-term outcomes.
  • Previous research has not fully elucidated the differential impact of readmission status on self- and observer-rated functioning.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To examine differences in self-rated (Sheehan Disability Scale, SDS) and observer-rated (Personal and Social Performance Scale, PSP) functioning based on psychiatric readmission status.
  • To analyze changes in functioning over time (admission, discharge, 6-month, and 12-month follow-ups) in relation to readmission patterns.
  • To investigate the discrepancy between self- and observer-rated functioning assessments in patients with varying readmission histories.

Main Methods:

  • Longitudinal study of 483 psychiatric inpatients discharged from acute wards in Japan.
  • Patients categorized into four groups: no readmission, readmission at 12 months, readmission at 6 months, and readmission at both follow-ups.
  • Self-rated (SDS) and observer-rated (PSP) functioning assessed at multiple time points.
  • Generalized linear mixed models used to analyze between-group and within-group changes in functioning.

Main Results:

  • The no-readmission group demonstrated significantly better observer-rated functioning (PSP) at 6-month and 12-month follow-ups compared to readmission groups.
  • Observer-rated functioning (PSP) showed improvements across all time points for patients without readmission at both follow-ups.
  • Self-rated functioning (SDS) scores improved significantly over time only in the no-readmission group.
  • A notable discrepancy was observed between self- and observer-rated functioning, with observer-rated improvements being more pronounced.

Conclusions:

  • Psychiatric readmission status significantly influences patient functioning trajectories.
  • Observer-rated functioning appears more sensitive to improvements than self-rated functioning, particularly in the context of psychiatric readmissions.
  • The findings highlight the importance of considering both self- and observer perspectives in assessing patient recovery and the potential impact of readmission on functional outcomes.