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Related Concept Videos

MicroRNAs01:22

MicroRNAs

MicroRNA (miRNA) are short, regulatory RNA transcribed from introns (non-coding regions of a gene) or intergenic regions (stretches of DNA present between genes). Several processing steps are required to form biologically active, mature miRNA. The initial transcript, called primary miRNA (pri-mRNA), base-pairs with itself, forming a stem-loop structure. Within the nucleus, an endonuclease enzyme, called Drosha, shortens the stem-loop structure into hairpin-shaped pre-miRNA. After the pre-miRNA...
MicroRNAs01:22

MicroRNAs

MicroRNA (miRNA) are short, regulatory RNA transcribed from introns—non-coding regions of a gene—or intergenic regions—stretches of DNA present between genes. Several processing steps are required to form biologically active, mature miRNA. The initial transcript, called primary miRNA (pri-mRNA), base-pairs with itself forming a stem-loop structure. Within the nucleus, an endonuclease enzyme, called Drosha, shortens the stem-loop structure into hairpin-shaped pre-miRNA. After the pre-miRNA ends...
Experimental RNAi02:15

Experimental RNAi

RNA interference (RNAi) is a cellular mechanism that inhibits gene expression by suppressing its transcription or activating the RNA degradation process. The mechanism was discovered by Andrew Fire and Craig Mello in 1998 in plants. Today, it is observed in almost all eukaryotes, including protozoa, flies, nematodes, insects, parasites, and mammals. This precise cellular mechanism of gene silencing has been developed into a technique that provides an efficient way to identify and determine the...
The Retinoblastoma Gene01:20

The Retinoblastoma Gene

Tumor suppressor genes are normal genes that can slow down cell division, repair DNA mistakes, or program the cells for apoptosis in case of irreparable damage. Hence, they play an essential role in preventing the proliferation of damaged cells.
The first-ever tumor suppressor gene called Rb was identified in retinoblastoma - a rare eye tumor in children. In inherited forms of the disease, a child inherits one defective copy of the Rb gene, which predisposes them to retinoblastoma. However,...
lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs02:39

lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs

In humans, more than 80% of the genome gets transcribed. However, only around 2% of the genome codes for proteins. The remaining part produces non-coding RNAs which includes ribosomal RNAs, transfer RNAs, telomerase RNAs, and regulatory RNAs, among other types. A large number of regulatory non-coding RNAs have been classified into two groups depending upon their length – small non-coding RNAs, such as microRNA, which are less than 200 nucleotides in length, and long non-coding RNA (lncRNA)...
Negative Regulator Molecules01:23

Negative Regulator Molecules

Positive regulators allow a cell to advance through cell cycle checkpoints. Negative regulators have an equally important role as they terminate a cell’s progression through the cell cycle—or pause it—until the cell meets specific criteria.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 24, 2026

Quantitative PCR-based Assay to Measure Sonic Hedgehog Signaling in Cellular Model of Ciliogenesis
07:26

Quantitative PCR-based Assay to Measure Sonic Hedgehog Signaling in Cellular Model of Ciliogenesis

Published on: January 31, 2025

RETRACTION: Long Non-Coding RNA HCG11 Modulates Glioma Progression Through Cooperating With miR-496/CPEB3 Axis

    Cell Proliferation
    |June 23, 2026
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    This study on long non-coding RNA HCG11 in glioma progression has been retracted due to duplicated western blot data. The findings are considered unreliable following an investigation into data integrity concerns.

    Related Experiment Videos

    Last Updated: Jun 24, 2026

    Quantitative PCR-based Assay to Measure Sonic Hedgehog Signaling in Cellular Model of Ciliogenesis
    07:26

    Quantitative PCR-based Assay to Measure Sonic Hedgehog Signaling in Cellular Model of Ciliogenesis

    Published on: January 31, 2025

    Area of Science:

    • Oncology
    • Molecular Biology
    • Genetics

    Background:

    • Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) play critical roles in cancer development.
    • Glioma is a primary brain tumor with complex molecular underpinnings.
    • Specific lncRNAs are being investigated for their roles in glioma progression.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the role of long non-coding RNA HCG11 in modulating glioma progression.
    • To explore the mechanism by which HCG11 cooperates with the miR-496/CPEB3 axis.

    Main Methods:

    • Western blot analysis was used to assess protein expression.
    • Investigation involved analyzing the interaction between HCG11, miR-496, and CPEB3.

    Main Results:

    • Concerns were raised regarding duplicated Cyclin D1 bands in western blot data (Figure 6C).
    • The duplicated bands were used to represent different proteins, indicating potential data manipulation.
    • Authors failed to respond to requests for clarification or provide original data.

    Conclusions:

    • The investigation found significant data integrity issues, specifically band duplication in western blots.
    • Due to the unreliable nature of the presented data, the results and conclusions of the study are invalidated.
    • The article has been officially retracted by the journal editors and publisher.