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Light-activated, highly efficient intracellular biomolecular delivery using a titanium nitride micro-array device.

Nandhini Balasubramaniam1, Srabani Kar2, Amal Kanti Bera3

  • 1Department of Engineering Design, Indian Institute of Technology, Madras, India. tuhin@zmail.iitm.ac.in.

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|June 23, 2026
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This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces a titanium nitride micro-array device for efficient optoporation, enabling rapid and safe delivery of diverse biomolecules into cells with high viability. This novel method shows promise for cell therapy and diagnostics.

Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Nanotechnology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Titanium nitride (TiN) is a plasmonic material suitable for near-infrared applications.
  • Optoporation offers a method for intracellular delivery of biomolecules.
  • Efficient and non-toxic cell transfection methods are crucial for research and therapeutics.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the effectiveness of a TiN micro-array device for optoporation.
  • To assess the delivery efficiency and cell viability for various biomolecules.
  • To evaluate the potential of this technology for cell therapy and diagnostics.

Main Methods:

  • Fabrication of a TiN micro-array device (1 cm × 1 cm) using sputtering, photolithography, and chemical etching.
  • Irradiation of the device with a 1064 nm laser at 10.28 mJ cm-2 with a scanning speed of 5 mm s-1.

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  • Delivery of biomolecules (propidium iodide, EGFP-plasmid DNA, β-galactosidase) into mammalian cell lines (L929, SiHa, NIH/3T3).

    • Main Results:

    • The TiN micro-array device facilitated efficient optoporation, creating transient pores for biomolecule entry.
    • High delivery efficiencies were achieved: 95% for propidium iodide and 94% for β-galactosidase.
    • Excellent cell viability was maintained, reaching 98% for L929 cells with PI delivery and 97% with β-galactosidase delivery.
    • The MTT assay confirmed no cytotoxicity.

    Conclusions:

    • The TiN micro-array device enables rapid transfection of over a million cells per minute.
    • This optoporation method is effective for delivering a wide range of biomolecules, from small dyes to large enzymes and DNA.
    • The technology demonstrates high efficiency and excellent cell viability, indicating significant potential for cell therapy and diagnostics.