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Related Concept Videos

Ribosome Profiling02:24

Ribosome Profiling

Ribosome profiling or ribo-sequencing is a deep sequencing technique that produces a snapshot of active translation in a cell. It selectively sequences the mRNAs protected by ribosomes to get an insight into a cell’s translation landscape at any given point in time.
Applications of ribosome profiling
Ribosome profiling has many applications, including in vivo monitoring of translation inside a particular organ or tissue type and quantifying new protein synthesis levels.
The technique helps...
MicroRNAs01:22

MicroRNAs

MicroRNA (miRNA) are short, regulatory RNA transcribed from introns (non-coding regions of a gene) or intergenic regions (stretches of DNA present between genes). Several processing steps are required to form biologically active, mature miRNA. The initial transcript, called primary miRNA (pri-mRNA), base-pairs with itself, forming a stem-loop structure. Within the nucleus, an endonuclease enzyme, called Drosha, shortens the stem-loop structure into hairpin-shaped pre-miRNA. After the pre-miRNA...
MicroRNAs01:22

MicroRNAs

MicroRNA (miRNA) are short, regulatory RNA transcribed from introns—non-coding regions of a gene—or intergenic regions—stretches of DNA present between genes. Several processing steps are required to form biologically active, mature miRNA. The initial transcript, called primary miRNA (pri-mRNA), base-pairs with itself forming a stem-loop structure. Within the nucleus, an endonuclease enzyme, called Drosha, shortens the stem-loop structure into hairpin-shaped pre-miRNA. After the pre-miRNA ends...
Pre-mRNA Processing: Modification of pre-mRNA Ends01:35

Pre-mRNA Processing: Modification of pre-mRNA Ends

In eukaryotic cells, transcripts made by RNA polymerase are modified and processed before exiting the nucleus. Unprocessed RNA is called precursor mRNA or pre-mRNA to distinguish it from mature mRNA.
Once about 20-40 ribonucleotides have been joined together by RNA polymerase, a group of enzymes adds a cap to the 5' end of the growing transcript. In this process, a 5' phosphate is replaced by modified guanosine that has a methyl group attached (7-methyl guanosine). This 5' cap helps the cell...
What is Gene Expression?01:36

What is Gene Expression?

A gene is a stretch of DNA that serves as the blueprint for functional RNAs and proteins. Since DNA is comprised  of nucleotides and proteins are comprised of amino acids, a mediator is required to convert the information encoded in DNA into proteins. This mediator is the messenger RNA (mRNA). mRNA copies the blueprint from DNA by a process called transcription. In eukaryotes, transcription occurs in the nucleus by complementary base-pairing with the DNA template. The mRNA is then processed and...
Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps01:23

Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps

The gene expression in cells is regulated at different stages: (i) transcription, (ii) RNA processing, (iii) RNA localization, and (iv) translation. Transcriptional regulation is mediated by regulatory proteins such as transcription factors, activators, or repressors—these control gene expression by initiating or inhibiting the transcription of genes. Once a precursor or pre-mRNA is produced, it undergoes post-transcriptional modification, including 5' capping, splicing, and the addition of a...

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Related Experiment Videos

Epitranscriptomics in Breast Cancer: The Unveiled Role of RNA Modifications.

Pallavi Kumari1, Sanjay Kumar2

  • 1Center for Promotion of Research, Department of Biotechnology, Graphic Era (Deemed to be University), Dehradun, 248002, Uttarakhand, India.

Current Drug Targets
|June 23, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Epitranscriptomics, the study of RNA modifications like m6A, Ψ, and m5C, significantly impacts breast cancer. Understanding these dynamic changes offers new avenues for early detection and personalized cancer therapies.

Keywords:
EpitranscriptomicsRNA modification diagnostics.RNA modification therapyRNA modifications

Related Experiment Videos

Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Cancer Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Epitranscriptomics, the study of RNA modifications, is crucial for gene expression regulation.
  • Key modifications include N6-methyladenosine (m6A), pseudouridine (Ψ), and 5-methylcytosine (m5C), influencing breast cancer.
  • Emerging modifications like Adenosine-to-Inosine (A-to-I) editing and N1-methyladenosine (m1A) add complexity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the roles of m6A, Ψ, and m5C in breast cancer pathogenesis.
  • To explore emerging RNA modifications and their impact.
  • To discuss the potential of RNA modifications as biomarkers and therapeutic targets.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review synthesizing current knowledge on epitranscriptomics in breast cancer.
  • Analysis of high-throughput sequencing, bioinformatics, and single-cell technologies.
  • Discussion of clinical translation challenges and future directions.

Main Results:

  • m6A, Ψ, and m5C modifications regulate RNA splicing, stability, translation, and degradation in breast cancer.
  • These modifications influence tumor initiation, progression, metastasis, and therapy resistance.
  • RNA modification signatures show promise as non-invasive biomarkers and therapeutic targets.

Conclusions:

  • Epitranscriptomics plays a vital role in breast cancer development and progression.
  • Advances in technology enhance understanding of RNA modification dynamics.
  • Translating epitranscriptomic insights into clinical practice requires overcoming delivery, specificity, and regulatory challenges.