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Metallic Solids

Metallic Solids

Metallic solids such as crystals of copper, aluminum, and iron are formed by metal atoms. The structure of metallic crystals is often described as a uniform distribution of atomic nuclei within a “sea” of delocalized electrons. The atoms within such a metallic solid are held together by a unique force known as metallic bonding that gives rise to many useful and varied bulk properties.
All metallic solids exhibit high thermal and electrical conductivity, metallic luster, and malleability. Many...

Bonding in Metals

Bonding in Metals

Metallic bonds are formed between two metal atoms. A simplified model to describe metallic bonding has been developed by Paul Drüde called the “Electron Sea Model”.

Hydrogen Bonds

Hydrogen Bonds

Hydrogen BondsHydrogen bonds are weak attractions between atoms that have formed other chemical bonds. One of these atoms is electronegative, like oxygen, and has a partial negative charge. The other is a hydrogen atom that has bonded with another electronegative atom and has a partial positive charge.Hydrogen Bonds Control the World!Because hydrogen has very weak electronegativity when it binds with a strongly electronegative atom, such as oxygen or nitrogen, electrons in the bond are...

Network Covalent Solids

Network Covalent Solids

Network covalent solids contain a three-dimensional network of covalently bonded atoms as found in the crystal structures of nonmetals like diamond, graphite, silicon, and some covalent compounds, such as silicon dioxide (sand) and silicon carbide (carborundum, the abrasive on sandpaper). Many minerals have networks of covalent bonds.
To break or to melt a covalent network solid, covalent bonds must be broken. Because covalent bonds are relatively strong, covalent network solids are typically...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 24, 2026

Fabrication of Gate-tunable Graphene Devices for Scanning Tunneling Microscopy Studies with Coulomb Impurities

Fabrication of Gate-tunable Graphene Devices for Scanning Tunneling Microscopy Studies with Coulomb Impurities

Published on: July 24, 2015

Metallic hydrogen confined by graphene.

Shu-Qiang He¹, Lei Chen¹, Ji-Chen Li²

¹School of Physics, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China.

The Journal of Chemical Physics

|June 23, 2026

Summary

Graphene channels confine hydrogen, enabling its metallization and forming compressed molecular hydrides. This breakthrough paves the way for metallic hydrogen and high-temperature superconductors.

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Area of Science:

Materials Science
Condensed Matter Physics
Quantum Chemistry

Background:

Metallization of hydrogen is key for superconductivity in hydrides.
Chemical precompression created high-transition-temperature superconductors.
Direct metallization of molecular hydrides is difficult.

Purpose of the Study:

To demonstrate hydrogen metallization using nanoscale confinement.
To explore the properties of hydrogen within graphene channels.

Main Methods:

Confining hydrogen within fixed two-dimensional graphene channels.
Performing electronic structure calculations.
Analyzing Fermi surface nesting patterns.

Main Results:

Achieved metallization of hydrogen confined in graphene.
Formed compressed molecular hydrides with reduced H-H separations.
Observed metallic properties and peculiar Fermi surface nesting in graphene-H6 systems.

Conclusions:

Graphene confinement enables effective compression and metallization of hydrogen.
Graphene-H6 systems are a promising platform for metallic hydrogen.
Potential for developing low-pressure, high-Tc superconductors.