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Related Concept Videos

Telomeres and Telomerase02:41

Telomeres and Telomerase

In eukaryotic DNA replication, a single-stranded DNA fragment remains at the end of a chromosome after the removal of the final primer. This section of DNA cannot be replicated in the same manner as the rest of the strand because there is no 3’ end to which the newly synthesized DNA can attach. This non-replicated fragment results in gradual loss of the chromosomal DNA during each cell duplication. Additionally, it can induce a DNA damage response by enzymes that recognize single-stranded DNA.
Telomeres and Telomerase02:41

Telomeres and Telomerase

In eukaryotic DNA replication, a single-stranded DNA fragment remains at the end of a chromosome after the removal of the final primer. This section of DNA cannot be replicated in the same manner as the rest of the strand because there is no 3’ end to which the newly synthesized DNA can attach. This non-replicated fragment results in gradual loss of the chromosomal DNA during each cell duplication. Additionally, it can induce a DNA damage response by enzymes that recognize single-stranded DNA.
Replicative Cell Senescence02:15

Replicative Cell Senescence

Replicative cell senescence is a property of cells that allows them to divide a finite number of times throughout the organism's lifespan while preventing excessive proliferation. Replicative senescence is associated with the gradual loss of the telomere — short, repetitive DNA sequences found at the end of the chromosomes. Telomeres are bound by a group of proteins to form a protective cap on the ends of chromosomes. Embryonic stem cells express telomerase — an enzyme that adds the telomeric...
Replicative Cell Senescence02:15

Replicative Cell Senescence

Replicative cell senescence is a property of cells that allows them to divide a finite number of times throughout the organism's lifespan while preventing excessive proliferation. Replicative senescence is associated with the gradual loss of the telomere — short, repetitive DNA sequences found at the end of the chromosomes. Telomeres are bound by a group of proteins to form a protective cap on the ends of chromosomes. Embryonic stem cells express telomerase — an enzyme that adds the telomeric...
Replication in Eukaryotes01:29

Replication in Eukaryotes

In eukaryotic cells, DNA replication is highly conserved and tightly regulated. Multiple linear chromosomes must be duplicated with high fidelity before cell division, so there are many proteins that fulfill specialized roles in the replication process. Replication occurs in three phases: initiation, elongation, and termination, and ends with two complete sets of chromosomes in the nucleus.
Many Proteins Orchestrate Replication at the Origin
Eukaryotic replication follows many of the same...
Replication in Eukaryotes02:31

Replication in Eukaryotes

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 24, 2026

Telomere Length and Telomerase Activity; A Yin and Yang of Cell Senescence
12:08

Telomere Length and Telomerase Activity; A Yin and Yang of Cell Senescence

Published on: May 22, 2013

Disorders of Telomere Length.

Kristen E Schratz1, Mary Armanios1

  • 1Department of Oncology and Telomere Center at Johns Hopkins, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.

NEJM Evidence
|June 23, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Telomere length extremes are linked to inherited diseases. Short telomeres cause degenerative conditions, while long telomeres increase cancer risk, impacting aging and disease understanding.

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Monochrome Multiplex Quantitative PCR Telomere Length Measurement
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Monochrome Multiplex Quantitative PCR Telomere Length Measurement

Published on: March 22, 2024

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Last Updated: Jun 24, 2026

Telomere Length and Telomerase Activity; A Yin and Yang of Cell Senescence
12:08

Telomere Length and Telomerase Activity; A Yin and Yang of Cell Senescence

Published on: May 22, 2013

Monochrome Multiplex Quantitative PCR Telomere Length Measurement
11:44

Monochrome Multiplex Quantitative PCR Telomere Length Measurement

Published on: March 22, 2024

Area of Science:

  • Genetics and Molecular Biology
  • Aging Research
  • Oncology

Background:

  • Telomere length, at both short and long extremes, is increasingly recognized as a driver of inherited disease risk.
  • Short telomere length is predominantly associated with degenerative phenotypes like immunodeficiency, bone marrow failure, and pulmonary disease.
  • Ultra-long telomere length predisposes individuals to neoplasia, including lympho- and myeloproliferative disorders.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the genetic basis, pathophysiology, and contrasting phenotypes of Mendelian short and long telomere syndromes.
  • To emphasize how understanding these syndromes informs clinical decisions.
  • To enhance comprehension of the fundamental mechanisms underlying aging and cancer.

Main Methods:

  • Review of genetic basis of telomere syndromes.
  • Analysis of pathophysiology linking telomere length to disease.
  • Comparative phenotyping of short and long telomere syndromes.

Main Results:

  • Short telomere syndromes manifest as degenerative diseases (e.g., idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis).
  • Long telomere syndromes are linked to increased risk of neoplasia and premature aging phenotypes.
  • Clonal hematopoiesis is an early event in long telomere syndromes, showing complete penetrance with aging.

Conclusions:

  • Mendelian short and long telomere syndromes offer critical insights into inherited disease.
  • Understanding telomere biology is crucial for clinical decision-making in aging and cancer.
  • Telomere length extremes play a significant role in both degenerative diseases and cancer predisposition.