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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 25, 2026

Testing Cancer Immunotherapeutics in a Humanized Mouse Model Bearing Human Tumors
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A precision tumor growth model integrating time-resolved flow cytometry: predicting fractionation efficacy and

Yuanshuai Di1,2,3,4, Lili Huang1,2,3,4, Lianzi Zhao1,2,3,4

  • 1Department of Radiation Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.

Physics in Medicine and Biology
|June 23, 2026
PubMed
Summary

A new mathematical model integrating tumor growth, immune response, and radiotherapy (TIR) dynamics improves tumor progression predictions. This model accurately forecasts treatment efficacy and optimizes immunotherapy timing based on fractionation strategies.

Keywords:
flow cytometryimmune intervention timingmathematical oncologyradiotherapy fractionationtumor growth model

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Mathematical Biology
  • Immunotherapy

Background:

  • Current tumor growth models lack quantitative immune data, limiting accuracy.
  • Developing integrated Tumor-Immune-Radiotherapy (TIR) dynamics models is crucial for precise tumor progression characterization.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a novel coupled TIR dynamics model integrating time-resolved flow cytometry data.
  • To improve the characterization and prediction of tumor progression under different radiotherapy fractionation regimens.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized an MC38 tumor-bearing mouse model to assess radiotherapy fractionation (Control, 5 Gy × 5, 8 Gy × 3).
  • Employed flow cytometry for dynamic quantification of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes.
  • Integrated the Linear-Quadratic model and immune cytotoxicity into the Gompertz equation, formulating a dynamic coupled mathematical model calibrated via least squares fitting.

Main Results:

  • The proposed immune-growth coupled framework showed a superior goodness-of-fit over conventional models for hypofractionated (8 Gy × 3) and medium-dose (5 Gy × 5) regimens.
  • Dynamic temporal analysis enabled estimation of immune intervention timing.
  • The onset of immune synergy was found to be distinct and dependent on the radiotherapy dose fractionation strategy.

Conclusions:

  • The coupled TIR model accurately predicts tumor growth dynamics.
  • This biologically validated computational tool aids in predicting fractionation scheme efficacy.
  • Provides strategic recommendations for optimizing immunotherapy scheduling.