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Perioperative outcomes: Transforming healthcare
Odinakachukwu A Ehie1, Arthur W Wood1, Odmara L Barreto Chang1
1Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Care, University of California San Francisco Mission Hall, 550 16(th) Street, Rm 5415, San Francisco, CA 94158, United States.
Journal of the National Medical Association
|June 23, 2026
Summary
Racial and ethnic disparities in health outcomes persist due to social determinants and unconscious bias. This review examines these disparities across surgical care phases, highlighting underestimated influences on patient health.
Area of Science:
- Health Services Research
- Health Disparities
- Surgical Outcomes
Background:
- Persistent health disparities exist across racial and ethnic groups within the healthcare system.
- Social determinants of health, influenced by environment and resources, are often linked to race/ethnicity and impact health outcomes.
- Traditional attributions of perioperative disparities to comorbidities underestimate the role of social determinants and unconscious bias.
Purpose of the Study:
- To evaluate differences in health outcomes across race and ethnicity.
- To examine these disparities within preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative contexts.
- To highlight the impact of social determinants and unconscious bias on surgical care.
Main Methods:
- Systematic literature review.
- Analysis of perioperative health outcomes stratified by race and ethnicity.
- Evaluation of the influence of social determinants of health and unconscious bias.
Main Results:
- Racial and ethnic minorities experience inequitable quality of care.
- Social determinants of health significantly impact health outcomes across surgical phases.
- Unconscious bias contributes to disparities in perioperative care.
Conclusions:
- Addressing racial and ethnic disparities in surgical outcomes requires understanding the complex interplay of social determinants and unconscious bias.
- Interventions must target systemic factors and biases to improve care for minoritized populations.
- Further research is needed to fully elucidate and mitigate these disparities.
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