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Related Concept Videos

Necrosis01:16

Necrosis

Necrosis is considered as an “accidental” or unexpected form of cell death that ends in cell lysis. The first noticeable mention of “necrosis” was in 1859 when Rudolf Virchow used this term to describe advanced tissue breakdown in his compilation titled “Cell Pathology”.
Morphological Manifestations of Necrosis
Necrotic cells show different types of morphological appearance depending on the type of tissue and infection. In coagulative necrosis, cells become anucleated and die, but their...
Meiosis I01:49

Meiosis I

Meiosis is a carefully orchestrated set of cell divisions, the goal of which—in humans—is to produce haploid sperm or eggs, each containing half the number of chromosomes present in somatic cells elsewhere in the body. Meiosis I is the first such division, and involves several key steps, among them: condensation of replicated chromosomes in diploid cells; the pairing of homologous chromosomes and their exchange of information; and finally, the separation of homologous chromosomes by a...
Meiosis vs. Mitosis02:57

Meiosis vs. Mitosis

Cell division is necessary for growth and reproduction in organisms. Mitosis aids cell growth and development by dividing somatic cells. In contrast, meiosis causes the division of germ cells and plays an essential role in sexual reproduction. Due to their unique functional requirements, mitosis and meiosis differ from each other in multiple aspects.
Before the start of mitosis and meiosis I, the cell synthesizes DNA, resulting in two homologous copies of each chromosome. DNA synthesis is...
Nondisjunction01:29

Nondisjunction

During meiosis, chromosomes occasionally separate improperly. This occurs due to failure of homologous chromosome separation during meiosis I or failed sister chromatid separation during meiosis II. In some species, notably plants, nondisjunction can result in an organism with an entire additional set of chromosomes, which is called polyploidy. In humans, nondisjunction can occur during male or female gametogenesis and the resulting gametes possess one too many or one too few chromosomes.
Nondisjunction01:21

Nondisjunction

Nondisjunction is the failure of homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids to separate correctly and move to the opposite poles of the cells. This produces daughter cells with abnormal chromosome numbers.  Nondisjunction is common during anaphase I or anaphase II of meiosis.  Mutations in synaptonemal complex proteins that attach homologous chromosomes increase the chances of nondisjunction in anaphase I of meiosis I. In contrast, mutations in topoisomerases and condensins that hold sister...
Cellular Injury IV: Necrosis01:16

Cellular Injury IV: Necrosis

Necrosis is a form of irreversible cell death caused by severe injury such as ischemia, toxins, or trauma. Unlike programmed cell death, it is an uncontrolled, pathological process that typically provokes inflammation in surrounding tissues.Pathophysiologic ChangesNecrosis begins when cells sustain critical damage, leading to swelling of organelles, particularly mitochondria, and rapid ATP depletion. As energy levels decline, membrane ion pumps fail, leading to calcium influx and eventually,...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 25, 2026

In Vitro Modeling of Down Syndrome Neurogenesis Using Human-Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells
06:38

In Vitro Modeling of Down Syndrome Neurogenesis Using Human-Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Published on: March 7, 2025

Necroptosis in Down Syndrome.

Hymavathi Reddy Vari1, Domenico Praticò2

  • 1Department of Neural Sciences, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA.

Cell Death & Disease
|June 23, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Necroptosis, a cell death pathway, is elevated in the brains of aged Down syndrome (DS) mice and human DS subjects. This finding suggests necroptosis may contribute to neuronal loss in DS, offering new therapeutic targets.

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Published on: August 15, 2020

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cell Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Necroptosis is a regulated cell death pathway linked to neurodegeneration.
  • Neuronal loss occurs in Down syndrome (DS), but its mechanisms are not fully understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of necroptosis in Down syndrome.
  • To assess necroptosis markers in a mouse model of DS and in human DS brains.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of necroptosis markers (RIPK1, RIPK3, MLKL, lncRNA MEG) in brain tissue.
  • Comparison between Ts65dn mice (DS model) and wild-type mice.
  • Assessment of post-mortem brain samples from DS subjects and controls.

Main Results:

  • Necroptosis markers were not different in young Ts65dn mice compared to controls.
  • Significantly elevated necroptosis markers were found in aged Ts65dn mice brains.
  • Post-mortem brains from DS subjects showed increased levels of these necroptosis markers.

Conclusions:

  • This study is the first to report elevated necroptosis markers in a DS mouse model and human DS brains.
  • Necroptosis may be a significant contributor to neuronal loss in Down syndrome.
  • Targeting necroptosis presents a novel therapeutic strategy for DS.