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Related Concept Videos

Physiological Foundation of Stress01:24

Physiological Foundation of Stress

Stress triggers a coordinated physiological response involving the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. This dual activation ensures that the body is prepared for both immediate and prolonged stress management. The process begins with the perception of a stressor. This initial phase activates the SNS, leading to the rapid release of adrenaline (epinephrine) from the adrenal glands.
Role of the Sympathetic Nervous System
Adrenaline triggers the...
Introduction to Stress and Lifestyle01:27

Introduction to Stress and Lifestyle

Stress is a multifaceted response to events perceived as challenging or threatening, highlighting physical, emotional, cognitive, and behavioral reactions. Physically, stress can lead to fatigue, sleep disruptions, and various health issues such as frequent colds, chest pains, and nausea. Emotionally, it can manifest as anxiety, depression, irritability, and anger triggered by both minor and major life events. Cognitively, it may result in difficulty in concentration, memory, and...
Psychological Responses to Stress01:20

Psychological Responses to Stress

Psychological responses to stress encompass the various cognitive and emotional reactions individuals experience when faced with challenging or threatening situations, such as a job loss. Prolonged exposure to stressors can disturb emotional balance, increasing negative emotions (e.g., anxiety and sadness) and diminishing positive emotions (e.g., joy and satisfaction). These persistent emotional shifts are associated with an increased risk of both physical illness and mental health issues, such...
Psychoneuroimmunology: Cardiovascular Disease01:27

Psychoneuroimmunology: Cardiovascular Disease

Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI) is a multidisciplinary field that examines how psychological factors, particularly stress, interact with the immune system and impact physical health. Research in PNI has shown that chronic or traumatic stress can disrupt both the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and the sympathetic nervous system. These disruptions contribute to serious health conditions, including cardiovascular diseases.
A key area of focus in PNI is the relationship between stress and coronary...
Components of Stress01:23

Components of Stress

Stress analysis under multiple loading conditions is intricate, necessitating a comprehensive grasp of normal and shearing stresses. Consider a small cube at point O, subjected to stress on all six faces, visible or not. Normal stress components σx, σy, σz act perpendicularly to the x, y, and z axes. Shearing stress components τxy and τxz are exerted on faces perpendicular to these axes.
Interestingly, the hidden cube faces also experience these stresses, equal and opposite to those on the...
Stress Response System01:21

Stress Response System

The stress response system, also known as the fight-or-flight response, is the body's automatic physiological reaction to perceived threats. Hans Selye introduced the concept of General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) to describe the predictable pattern of changes that occur in response to stress. GAS consists of three sequential stages: alarm, resistance, and exhaustion. This model helps explain how chronic stress can contribute to health problems.
Alarm stage
In the alarm stage, the body's initial...

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A Modified Trier Social Stress Test for Vulnerable Mexican American Adolescents
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Investigating Associations Between Developmental Integration and Physiological Stress.

B R Wigley1, P G Blackwell2

  • 1College of Dentistry, University of Illinois, Chicago, USA.

American Journal of Biological Anthropology
|June 24, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Developmental stress in humans may decrease skeletal integration, detectable through new quantitative methods. This study used geometric morphometrics on os coxae to score individual integration, linking lower scores to developmental stress indicators like linear enamel hypoplasia (LEH).

Keywords:
developmental integrationgeometric morphometricsos coxaestress marker

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Area of Science:

  • Paleoanthropology
  • Developmental Biology
  • Bioarchaeology

Background:

  • Assessing developmental integration, or covariation patterns during growth, is crucial across disciplines.
  • Current analyses are typically limited to group-level comparisons, hindering individual-level insights.
  • This study introduces a novel method to quantify individual developmental integration.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and apply a novel method for quantifying individual developmental integration in human skeletal remains.
  • To investigate the relationship between developmental stress and skeletal integration using archaeological samples.
  • To explore how factors like demographic variables and physiological stress impact developmental integration patterns.

Main Methods:

  • Geometric morphometrics were used to capture the shape of human os coxae (hip bones) from archaeological sites.
  • Individual integration scores were calculated using a Leave-One-Out (LOO) approach, summarizing covariation between skeletal modules (ilium, ischium, pubis).
  • Integration was analyzed in relation to demographic factors and linear enamel hypoplasia (LEH) as an indicator of developmental stress.

Main Results:

  • Skeletal sex and origin influenced overall os coxae shape.
  • Individual integration scores varied and were significantly lower in individuals with linear enamel hypoplasia (LEH), suggesting a link to developmental stress.
  • While gross skeletal shape was not directly affected, patterns of integration showed sensitivity to developmental disruptions.

Conclusions:

  • Developmental stress may be associated with reduced integrated skeletal growth.
  • The novel method presented can detect subtle disruptions in skeletal development through integration scores, even when gross morphology appears unaffected.
  • Quantifying skeletal integration offers a potential avenue for investigating past developmental stress experiences, though further validation is needed.