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Related Concept Videos

Insulin Formulations: Types and Delivery01:27

Insulin Formulations: Types and Delivery

Insulin preparations are categorized by their duration of action into short-acting and long-acting types. Two strategies are used to modify insulin's absorption and pharmacokinetic profile: slowing the absorption post-subcutaneous injection, or altering human insulin's amino acid sequence or protein structure. These changes retain the insulin's ability to bind to the insulin receptor, but alter its behavior in solution or after injection.
Short-acting insulins are divided into rapid-acting...
Insulin: Dosing Regimen and Adverse Effects01:16

Insulin: Dosing Regimen and Adverse Effects

Insulin-replacement therapy usually includes both long-acting insulin (basal) and short-acting insulin (to cater to postprandial needs). In a diverse group of type 1 diabetes patients, the average daily insulin dose is typically 0.5-0.7 units/kg body weight. However, obese patients and pubertal adolescents may need more due to insulin resistance.
The basal dose constitutes about 40%-50% of the total daily dose, with the rest as premeal insulin. The mealtime insulin dose should mirror...
Parenteral Drug Delivery Systems: Injectables, Implants, and Infusion Devices01:28

Parenteral Drug Delivery Systems: Injectables, Implants, and Infusion Devices

Parenteral drug delivery systems play a crucial role in modern therapeutics by enabling the direct administration of drugs into the systemic circulation, bypassing the gastrointestinal tract. These systems are particularly valuable for poorly absorbed oral medications that are unstable in the digestive environment or require rapid onset or sustained therapeutic levels. Delivery is achieved through intravenous, intramuscular, or subcutaneous routes, each selected based on the drug's properties...
Insulin: Biosynthesis, Chemistry, and Preparation01:25

Insulin: Biosynthesis, Chemistry, and Preparation

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of pancreatic β-cells synthesizes preproinsulin, which consists of a signal peptide, A and B chains, and a C-peptide. Preproinsulin is then cleaved and folded into proinsulin, which translocates to the Golgi apparatus for sorting and packaging into secretory granules. In these granules, enzymatic clipping generates insulin and C-peptide.
Damage or functional impairment of β-cells inhibits insulin production, leading to diabetes. Diabetes treatment primarily uses...
Oral Drug Delivery Systems: Continuous-Release Systems01:26

Oral Drug Delivery Systems: Continuous-Release Systems

Continuous-release drug delivery systems offer a strategic approach to maintaining therapeutic drug levels over extended periods following oral administration. By modulating the release rate of active pharmaceutical ingredients, these systems minimize fluctuations in plasma concentrations, which enhances clinical efficacy and reduces the need for frequent dosing. Such characteristics make them particularly advantageous in managing chronic diseases where patient adherence and stable drug...
Hypoglycemia01:26

Hypoglycemia

Hypoglycemia is a blood glucose level below 70 mg/dL. It commonly occurs in individuals using insulin or insulin-secreting drugs, but may also arise in non-diabetic conditions. People with type 1 diabetes are at the highest risk because they depend on exogenous insulin. People with type 2 diabetes are also at risk, especially when treated with insulin or medications such as sulfonylureas, which increase insulin release regardless of blood glucose levels. It develops when insulin levels exceed...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 25, 2026

Improving IV Insulin Administration in a Community Hospital
12:08

Improving IV Insulin Administration in a Community Hospital

Published on: June 11, 2012

Automated Insulin Delivery Systems in Hospitals: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis.

Mikkel T Olsen1, Alexandros L Liarakos2,3, Emma G Wilmot2,3

  • 1Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark.

Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics
|June 24, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Automated insulin delivery (AID) systems safely improve glycemic control in non-intensive care unit (ICU) hospital settings, increasing time in range and reducing hyperglycemia without raising hypoglycemia risk. Further trials are needed for ICU settings and clinical benefits.

Keywords:
automated insulin delivery systemsdiabetesin-hospitalinsulin pumps

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 25, 2026

Improving IV Insulin Administration in a Community Hospital
12:08

Improving IV Insulin Administration in a Community Hospital

Published on: June 11, 2012

Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Medical Technology
  • Clinical Research

Background:

  • Inpatient diabetes management presents challenges including acute illness and variable insulin needs.
  • Hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia increase healthcare costs, morbidity, and mortality.
  • Hypoglycemia, particularly in ICU settings, is linked to increased mortality.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically review the effects of Automated Insulin Delivery (AID) systems in hospital settings.
  • To evaluate if AID systems can improve glycemic targets while minimizing hypoglycemia risk.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic literature search of MEDLINE, Embase, and CENTRAL up to March 27, 2026.
  • Included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) reporting glycemic or clinical outcomes in inpatients managed with AID.
  • Analyzed data separately for ICU and non-ICU settings, with Time in Range (TIR) as the primary outcome.

Main Results:

  • Five RCTs (300 participants) in non-ICU settings showed AID increased TIR by 24.6 percentage points.
  • AID reduced hyperglycemia without increasing hypoglycemia across settings.
  • Meta-analysis for ICU settings could not be performed; clinical outcomes were sparsely reported.

Conclusions:

  • Automated Insulin Delivery (AID) systems are safe and effective for improving glycemic outcomes in non-ICU hospital settings.
  • Larger multicenter trials are necessary to confirm clinical benefits and address implementation challenges.