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Bone Remodeling and Repair

Bone Remodeling and Repair

Osteoclasts are cells responsible for bone resorption and remodeling. They originate from hematopoietic progenitor cells present in the bone marrow. Numerous progenitor cells fuse to form multinucleated cells, each with 10-20 nuclei. A single osteoclast has a diameter of 150 to 200 µM. These cells have ruffled borders that break down the underlying bone tissue and release minerals such as calcium into the blood in bone resorption. Osteoclasts cling to bones with their ruffled edges during bone...

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Updated: Jun 25, 2026

Biological Compatibility Profile on Biomaterials for Bone Regeneration

Published on: November 16, 2018

Strontium-Functionalized Biomaterials for Bone Regeneration: Mechanisms, Biological Functions, and Clinical

Fengting Ning¹, Xue Wang², Peng Pan³

¹Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Stomatology, China Medical University, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Shenyang, People's Republic of China.

International Journal of Nanomedicine

|June 24, 2026

Summary

Strontium (Sr) in biomaterials enhances bone regeneration by promoting bone growth and reducing resorption. This review details Sr

Keywords:

antibacterial bone regeneration concentration-dependent bioactivity local ion delivery osteoimmunomodulation strontium strontium-functionalized biomaterials

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Published on: November 16, 2018

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Area of Science:

Biomaterials Science
Regenerative Medicine
Materials Chemistry

Background:

Strontium (Sr) is a trace element with significant bioactivities relevant to bone regeneration, including osteogenic, anti-resorptive, immunomodulatory, angiogenic, and antibacterial properties.
Sr-functionalized biomaterials are increasingly investigated for bone defect repair due to their multifaceted therapeutic potential.

Purpose of the Study:

To systematically review Sr-functionalized biomaterials for bone regeneration.
To emphasize Sr²⁺-mediated molecular mechanisms, concentration-dependent bioactivity, delivery strategies, and clinical potential.
To discuss challenges and future directions for Sr-based bone repair biomaterials.

Main Methods:

Systematic literature review focusing on Sr-functionalized biomaterials.
Analysis of Sr²⁺-mediated molecular mechanisms and bioactivity.
Evaluation of fabrication methods, ion release, synergistic effects with other ions, and clinical translation.

Main Results:

Sr incorporation physicochemical regulation, concentration-dependent bioactivity, and local delivery strategies are crucial for therapeutic efficacy.
Sr exhibits antimicrobial and antioxidant functions, and synergistic effects with ions like Mg, Zn, Cu, Se, and Ga enhance bone regeneration.
Key challenges include optimal Sr dosing, long-term release and safety data, limited clinical evidence, and understanding antimicrobial mechanisms.

Conclusions:

Sr-functionalized biomaterials hold significant promise for bone regeneration, offering multiple therapeutic benefits.
Further research is needed to address current limitations for successful clinical translation.
This review provides insights for designing advanced Sr-based bone repair biomaterials.