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Updated: Jun 25, 2026

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Published on: April 10, 2018
Localized hetero-ion modulation engineering of nickel-based catalysts for electrochemical urea oxidation
Shucheng Li1, Jing Li1, Xuan Wang1
1Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Power Batteries, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Micro Nano Sensing and Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University Nanjing 210023 China wangxuan@njnu.edu.cn tangyawen@njnu.edu.cn gengtaofu@njnu.edu.cn.
None:
The electrochemical urea oxidation reaction (UOR) is an effective alternative to the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) for the electrochemical production of hydrogen; however, nickel (Ni)-based catalysts show inferior reaction kinetics. To overcome the performance limitations, localized hetero-ion modulation of the intrinsic properties of Ni-based catalysts has evolved to meet practical expectations. The modulation of the local coordination environment by incorporating hetero-ions is imperative for enhancing the intrinsic catalytic activity and efficiency of nickel-based catalysts. Guided by this insight, a systematic comprehension of localized hetero-ion modulation in the UOR is presented in this review to provide atomic-level insights into the catalytic mechanism and catalyst design for Ni-based catalysts. This review begins with an introduction to the electrochemical reaction pathways of the UOR, followed by the physiochemical properties of Ni(OH)2 and universal scaling relations of reaction intermediates, providing a fundamental understanding of the structure-derived electrochemical behavior in the UOR. Subsequently, the specific functions of hetero-ion species for the enhancement of the UOR in Ni-based catalysts are discussed, delving into the close relation between the localized reaction site formats and the reaction pathways. In the conclusion of this review, data-driven catalysis for the electrochemical UOR via hetero-ion modulation over the Ni catalyst based on a closed-loop framework is proposed. We believe that this review will attract pronounced attention for the advancement of the electrochemical UOR.
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