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Related Concept Videos

Oxidation of Phenols to Quinones01:17

Oxidation of Phenols to Quinones

In the presence of oxidizing agents, phenols are oxidized to quinones. Quinones can be easily reduced back to phenols using mild reducing agents. The electron-donating hydroxyl group enhances the reactivity of the aromatic ring, enabling oxidation of the ring even in the absence of an α hydrogen.
o-hydroxy phenols are oxidized to o-quinones and p-hydroxy phenols to p-quinones. Such redox reactions involve the transfer of two electrons and two protons. The reversible redox property is crucial in...
Redox Reactions01:24

Redox Reactions

Oxidation-reduction or redox reactions involve the transfer of electrons from one molecule or atom to another. When an atom gains an electron, another atom must lose an electron, meaning oxidation and reduction must occur together. Since the redox occurs in pairs, the atom that gets oxidized is also called the reducing agent or reductant, and the atom that is reduced is also called the oxidizing agent or oxidant. A straightforward way to remember the definitions of oxidation and reduction is...
Redox Reactions01:27

Redox Reactions

Redox reactions are vital biochemical processes that underpin energy metabolism in cells. These reactions involve the transfer of electrons between molecules, occurring in tandem as oxidation and reduction. Oxidation refers to the loss of electrons, while reduction denotes their gain. This coupling ensures the seamless flow of electrons through metabolic pathways. For example, in bacterial metabolism, glucose undergoes oxidation to carbon dioxide, while oxygen is simultaneously reduced to...
Reactions at the Benzylic Position: Oxidation and Reduction00:59

Reactions at the Benzylic Position: Oxidation and Reduction

The benzylic position describes the position of a carbon atom attached directly to a benzene ring. Benzene by itself does not undergo oxidation. In contrast, the benzylic carbon is quite reactive in the presence of strong oxidizing agents such as KMnO4 or H2CrO4. Therefore, alkylbenzenes are readily oxidized to benzoic acid, irrespective of the type of alkyl groups.
Oxidation and Reduction of Organic Molecules01:19

Oxidation and Reduction of Organic Molecules

Energy production within a cell involves many coordinated chemical pathways. Most of these pathways are combinations of oxidation and reduction reactions, which occur at the same time. An oxidation reaction strips an electron from an atom in a compound, and the addition of this electron to another compound is a reduction reaction. Because oxidation and reduction usually occur together, these pairs of reactions are called redox reactions.
The removal of an electron from a molecule, results in a...
Oxidation of Alkenes: Syn Dihydroxylation with Osmium Tetraoxide02:44

Oxidation of Alkenes: Syn Dihydroxylation with Osmium Tetraoxide

Alkenes are converted to 1,2-diols or glycols through a process called dihydroxylation. It involves the addition of two hydroxyl groups across the double bond with two different stereochemical approaches, namely anti and syn. Dihydroxylation using osmium tetroxide progresses with syn stereochemistry.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 25, 2026

[(DPEPhos)(bcp)Cu]PF6: A General and Broadly Applicable Copper-Based Photoredox Catalyst
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Dioxygen Activation and Reduction by Pyridinophane-Copper Complexes.

Qianyu Chang1, Yipei Zhao1, Mengqing Liu1

  • 1Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials (Ministry of Education), Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Functionalized Materials, Hefei 230601, P. R. China.

Inorganic Chemistry
|June 24, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Comparing copper catalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) is challenging due to solvent differences. This study reveals that catalyst design, not electron delivery mode, dictates intrinsic ORR performance, offering guidance for improved catalysts.

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The Synthesis, Characterization and Reactivity of a Series of Ruthenium N-triphosPh Complexes
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The Synthesis, Characterization and Reactivity of a Series of Ruthenium N-triphosPh Complexes

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The Synthesis, Characterization and Reactivity of a Series of Ruthenium N-triphosPh Complexes
10:51

The Synthesis, Characterization and Reactivity of a Series of Ruthenium N-triphosPh Complexes

Published on: April 10, 2015

Area of Science:

  • Coordination Chemistry
  • Electrocatalysis
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Homogeneous oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) studies face challenges comparing catalysts across different electron delivery modes due to solvent mismatches.
  • Pyridinophane-copper(II) complexes are investigated as potential ORR catalysts, but their performance can be influenced by assay conditions.
  • Accurate assessment of intrinsic catalytic activity and selectivity requires matched experimental conditions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare the ORR catalysis of two pyridinophane-copper(II) complexes, [Cu(tmpa-NH)]2+ and [Cu(bmpa-NH)]2+, under matched conditions.
  • To evaluate the intrinsic influence of different electron delivery modes on ORR performance.
  • To establish a structure-activity-selectivity relationship for pyridylamine-copper ORR catalysts.

Main Methods:

  • Homogeneous ORR catalysis studies were performed in acetonitrile using two pyridinophane-copper(II) complexes.
  • Kinetic analysis involved determining rate laws and reaction orders with respect to catalyst, O2, and acid.
  • Product selectivity was quantified by analyzing the ratio of water to hydrogen peroxide formed.
  • A key intermediate was isolated and structurally characterized.

Main Results:

  • Both complexes followed a third-order rate law in acetonitrile.
  • [Cu(tmpa-NH)]2+ showed 40-fold higher activity and near-exclusive four-electron selectivity (96.42% H2O), independent of the electron delivery mode.
  • [Cu(bmpa-NH)]2+ exhibited mixed two-electron/four-electron behavior (58.22% H2O2).
  • Decamethylferrocene was found to interfere with chemical ORR assays by reacting with H2O2 in acidic media.
  • A dinuclear Cu(II) intermediate was isolated and characterized.

Conclusions:

  • The intrinsic ORR performance of [Cu(tmpa-NH)]2+ is governed by its coordination sphere and independent of the electron delivery mode.
  • This study highlights a critical issue in chemical ORR assays involving decamethylferrocene and H2O2.
  • A structure-activity-selectivity relationship was established, providing design guidance for high-performance pyridylamine-copper ORR catalysts.