Decoding the Toxicity of Synthetic Cannabinoids: From Receptor Activation to Multiorgan Dysfunction

Area of Science:

• Pharmacology
• Toxicology
• Neuroscience

Background:

• Synthetic cannabinoids (SCBs) are novel psychoactive substances designed to mimic cannabis effects.
• SCBs exhibit high potency and full agonism at cannabinoid receptors (CB1 and CB2).
• Their action leads to severe public health risks and systemic harm.

Purpose of the Study:

• To comprehensively review the multifaceted pathogenesis of SCB-induced systemic harm.
• To examine clinical evidence and molecular mechanisms linking SCB exposure to adverse outcomes.
• To elucidate SCB toxicity mechanisms for targeted therapy development.

Main Methods:

• Systematic review of existing literature.
• Analysis of clinical evidence and molecular mechanisms.
• Examination of downstream effects on neurotransmitter systems, ion channels, and signaling pathways.

Main Results:

• SCBs robustly activate CB1 and CB2 receptors, causing profound dysregulation.
• This activation leads to widespread cellular dysfunction and damage.
• SCB exposure is linked to cardiovascular, neurological, psychiatric, respiratory, digestive, and kidney toxicities.

Conclusions:

• Elucidating SCB toxicity mechanisms is crucial for effective treatment strategies.
• Knowledge of pathogenesis is key to mitigating severe health consequences of SCB abuse.
• Targeted therapies can be developed based on a comprehensive understanding of SCB-induced harm.