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Related Concept Videos

Cardiovascular Drugs: Classification based on Therapeutic Indications01:18

Cardiovascular Drugs: Classification based on Therapeutic Indications

Cardiovascular diseases, encompassing a range of conditions, can significantly affect the heart's operations and the overall circulatory system. These conditions impair the heart's ability to pump blood, leading to a deficit in oxygen supply to crucial organs. Anomalies in the heart's electrical system, known as arrhythmias, can cause heartbeats to accelerate or slow down. Usually, heart rates increase during physical activity and decrease while resting or sleeping. However, frequent irregular...
Impact of Pharmacokinetic–Pharmacodynamic Models: Regulatory Decisions01:15

Impact of Pharmacokinetic–Pharmacodynamic Models: Regulatory Decisions

PK–PD modeling has significantly influenced FDA regulatory decisions, particularly drug approval, dosage optimization, and labeling. These models integrate pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD) to predict drug behavior and effects, aiding in optimizing dosing regimens and enhancing the probability of clinical trial success.One notable example is Nesiritide (Natrecor®), a recombinant human brain natriuretic peptide for treating acute decompensated congestive heart failure (CHF).
Heart Failure Drugs: Inhibitors of Renin-Angiotensin System01:26

Heart Failure Drugs: Inhibitors of Renin-Angiotensin System

The activation of the sympathetic nervous system and the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) contributes to cardiac remodeling, and inhibiting the RAAS is a pharmacological target in heart failure management. As a result, neurohumoral modulation is a crucial treatment principle for managing heart failure. This approach involves using medications like ACE inhibitors (ACEIs), angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs), β-blockers, mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (MRAs), and neutral...
Bioequivalence of Drugs: Drugs with Multiple Indications01:09

Bioequivalence of Drugs: Drugs with Multiple Indications

The concept of therapeutic equivalence (TE) in drugs with multiple indications is complex. A generic drug may be therapeutically equivalent to a brand-name product for one specific indication, but this doesn't necessarily mean it's equivalent for all other indications. Evidence of TE in one patient group and bioequivalence shown in healthy volunteers can support—but not confirm—TE for other indications. However, definitive proof requires individual clinical studies for each indication due to...
Types of Biopharmaceutical Studies: Controlled and Non-Controlled Approaches01:23

Types of Biopharmaceutical Studies: Controlled and Non-Controlled Approaches

Biopharmaceutical studies constitute a vital field aiming to enhance drug delivery methods and refine therapeutic approaches, drawing upon diverse interdisciplinary knowledge. In research methodologies, the choice between controlled and non-controlled studies significantly influences the study's reliability and accuracy.
Non-controlled studies, commonly employed for initial exploration, lack a control group, rendering them susceptible to biases and external influences. In contrast, controlled...
Heart Failure V: Medical Management01:30

Heart Failure V: Medical Management

Medical Management of Acute Decompensated Heart Failure (ADHF)The primary goals of therapy for patients hospitalized with acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF) include:Relieving symptomsOptimizing volume statusSupporting oxygenation and ventilationMaintaining cardiac output (CO) and end-organ perfusionIdentifying and addressing the cause of ADHFPreventing complicationsProviding patient education on factors precipitating HF exacerbationPlanning for dischargeOngoing monitoring and assessment...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 25, 2026

Drug Repurposing Hypothesis Generation Using the "RE:fine Drugs" System
05:10

Drug Repurposing Hypothesis Generation Using the "RE:fine Drugs" System

Published on: December 11, 2016

Repurposed Drugs and Cardiovascular Morbidity: A Cost-Effectiveness Analysis.

Oana-Monica Leah1, Florin G Leaşu, Mihaela Badea

  • 1Basic, Preventive and Clinical Sciences Department, Transilvania University, Braşov, Romania.

American Journal of Therapeutics
|June 24, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Generic repurposed cardiovascular drugs like ramipril and statins offer the best value for preventing heart disease. Newer agents like SGLT2 inhibitors and GLP-1 agonists provide benefits for specific patient groups.

Keywords:
ICERLandmark Clinical TrialsMACEQALYcardiometabolic protectioncardiovascular preventiondrug repurposingpharmacoeconomicstherapeutic indication expansion

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Testing the Efficacy of Pharmacological Agents in a Pericardial Target Delivery Model in the Swine
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Testing the Efficacy of Pharmacological Agents in a Pericardial Target Delivery Model in the Swine

Published on: July 7, 2016

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Last Updated: Jun 25, 2026

Drug Repurposing Hypothesis Generation Using the "RE:fine Drugs" System
05:10

Drug Repurposing Hypothesis Generation Using the "RE:fine Drugs" System

Published on: December 11, 2016

Testing the Efficacy of Pharmacological Agents in a Pericardial Target Delivery Model in the Swine
10:05

Testing the Efficacy of Pharmacological Agents in a Pericardial Target Delivery Model in the Swine

Published on: July 7, 2016

Area of Science:

  • Cardiovascular Medicine
  • Pharmacoeconomics
  • Drug Repurposing

Background:

  • Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading global cause of mortality, highlighting the need for effective prevention strategies.
  • Drug repurposing offers a promising avenue for cardiovascular prevention, leveraging existing drugs with established safety profiles.
  • This strategy accelerates development timelines and facilitates faster clinical implementation compared to novel drug discovery.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify repurposed cardiovascular agents with the most favorable pharmacoeconomic profiles.
  • To establish an optimal hierarchy for cardiovascular prevention based on clinical benefit, risk stratification, and economic sustainability.

Main Methods:

  • A narrative review synthesizing evidence from 19 pivotal cardiovascular outcomes trials and major guidelines.
  • Efficacy of 13 agents across 8 therapeutic classes was quantified using risk reductions and Number Needed to Treat (NNT).
  • Pharmacoeconomic value was assessed using Incremental Cost-Effectiveness Ratio (ICER) per Quality-Adjusted Life Year (QALY).

Main Results:

  • Three ICER tiers were identified: Low-cost (<$20,000/QALY) including generic agents (ramipril, carvedilol, metformin, statins) with robust mortality benefits.
  • Moderate-cost ($3,000-$50,000/QALY) agents included SGLT2 inhibitors (empagliflozin, dapagliflozin), GLP-1 receptor agonists (liraglutide, semaglutide), and colchicine.
  • High-cost ($80,000-$300,000/QALY) agents like PCSK9 inhibitors demonstrated proven benefits but faced pricing challenges.

Conclusions:

  • Generic repurposed cardiovascular agents (ramipril, carvedilol, metformin, statins) offer the most favorable cost-effectiveness and should be foundational.
  • SGLT2 inhibitors and GLP-1 receptor agonists provide significant benefits in secondary prevention for select populations.
  • PCSK9 inhibitors are cost-effective only for very high-risk patients with refractory LDL cholesterol control.