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Related Concept Videos

Diabetic Ketoacidosis ll: Pathophysiology01:22

Diabetic Ketoacidosis ll: Pathophysiology

Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is a metabolic emergency characterized by hyperglycemia, ketonemia, and metabolic acidosis. It results from severe insulin deficiency and an excess of counterregulatory hormones, leading to uncontrolled lipolysis, ketogenesis, and widespread electrolyte and fluid disturbances.Pathophysiology The central event in DKA is a profound loss of insulin action. Without insulin, glucose uptake in insulin-dependent tissues is impaired, while hepatic glucose production...
Diabetic Ketoacidosis l: Introduction01:25

Diabetic Ketoacidosis l: Introduction

DefinitionDiabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is an acute, life-threatening complication of diabetes mellitus, characterized by a triad of hyperglycemia (blood glucose >250 mg/dL), ketonemia or ketonuria, and metabolic acidosis (arterial pH <7.30 and serum bicarbonate <18 mEq/L). It results from insulin deficiency combined with elevated levels of counterregulatory hormones—glucagon, catecholamines, cortisol, and growth hormone—leading to increased lipolysis, hepatic ketone production, and...
Pathophysiology of Diabetes01:20

Pathophysiology of Diabetes

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia. The four categories of diabetes are type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, other specific types of diabetes, and gestational diabetes.
Type 1 diabetes is characterized by autoimmune-mediated destruction of pancreatic β cells, with environmental factors potentially triggering this process in genetically susceptible individuals. Despite many not having a family history, certain genes increase susceptibility, suggesting a...
Acute Pancreatitis II: Pathophysiology01:21

Acute Pancreatitis II: Pathophysiology

The pathophysiology of acute pancreatitis centers on injury to pancreatic acinar cells, which initiates a cascade of harmful intracellular events.This injury leads to premature activation of trypsinogen to trypsin in the pancreas. Trypsin then activates other digestive enzymes, such as chymotrypsin, elastase, and phospholipase A2, which begin breaking down pancreatic tissue. The resulting autodigestion causes local inflammation, tissue swelling, hemorrhage, and fat necrosis.Injured acinar cells...
Diagnosing Acidosis and Alkalosis01:24

Diagnosing Acidosis and Alkalosis

Diagnosing acid-base imbalances involves systematically analyzing arterial blood samples, focusing on three key measurements: pH, bicarbonate (HCO3−) concentration, and carbon dioxide partial pressure (PCO2). This analysis follows a four-step process that helps identify the imbalance's underlying cause and nature.
First, the pH level is assessed to determine whether the blood pH is normal (7.35–7.45), low (acidosis), or high (alkalosis).
Next, the PCO2  and HCO3−  values are examined to...
Chronic Pancreatitis II: Pathophysiology01:21

Chronic Pancreatitis II: Pathophysiology

Chronic pancreatitis is a progressive and irreversible inflammation of the pancreas, most often caused by long-term alcohol abuse, but it can also be related to ductal obstruction, smoking, or genetic factors.Chronic pancreatitis occurs when the pancreas is repeatedly exposed to harmful agents like alcohol, smoking, ductal obstruction, or genetic predisposition. These factors lead to the release of toxic metabolites and inflammatory cytokines, sustaining chronic inflammation in the pancreatic...

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Establishment of an Extracellular Acidic pH Culture System
09:41

Establishment of an Extracellular Acidic pH Culture System

Published on: November 19, 2017

Pathophysiology of Ketoacidosis: Core Curriculum 2026.

Biff F Palmer1, Deborah J Clegg1

  • 1Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, Texas.

American Journal of Kidney Diseases : the Official Journal of the National Kidney Foundation
|June 24, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Ketoacidosis, a metabolic state of ketone body accumulation, can cause dangerous blood pH drops. This curriculum explores various forms, from starvation ketosis to diabetic ketoacidosis, aiding diagnosis and treatment.

Keywords:
Diabetic ketoacidosiseuglycemic ketoacidosisinsulin-to-glucagon ratioketoacidosispregnancy ketoacidosissalicylate toxicitystarvation ketoacidosis

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A Model of Chronic Nutrient Infusion in the Rat
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A Model of Chronic Nutrient Infusion in the Rat

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Last Updated: Jun 25, 2026

Establishment of an Extracellular Acidic pH Culture System
09:41

Establishment of an Extracellular Acidic pH Culture System

Published on: November 19, 2017

A Model of Chronic Nutrient Infusion in the Rat
08:18

A Model of Chronic Nutrient Infusion in the Rat

Published on: August 14, 2013

Area of Science:

  • Metabolic Disorders
  • Endocrinology

Background:

  • Ketoacidosis involves ketone body overproduction, lowering blood pH.
  • Reduced insulin-glucagon ratio signals low cellular fuel, promoting lipolysis and ketogenesis.
  • Counterregulatory hormones like catecholamines can worsen ketogenesis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the physiological and pathological spectrum of ketoacidosis.
  • To differentiate various forms of ketoacidosis for accurate diagnosis and treatment.

Main Methods:

  • Review of physiological and pathological mechanisms of ketoacidosis.
  • Discussion of distinct ketoacidosis subtypes and their triggers.

Main Results:

  • Ketoacidosis arises from altered hormonal signaling and metabolic shifts.
  • Diverse ketoacidosis forms include starvation, diabetic, pregnancy-associated, alcoholic, salicylate-induced, SGLT2 inhibitor-induced, and euglycemic types.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding the unique pathophysiology of each ketoacidosis type is vital.
  • Accurate diagnosis and targeted interventions are crucial for managing ketoacidosis.