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Related Concept Videos

Leaky Scanning02:28

Leaky Scanning

During most eukaryotic translation processes, the small 40S ribosome subunit scans an mRNA from its 5' end until it encounters the first start AUG codon. The large 60S ribosomal subunit then joins the smaller one to initiate protein synthesis. The location of the translation initiation is largely determined by the nucleotides near the start codon as there may be multiple translation initiation sites present on the mRNA.  Marilyn Kozak discovered that the sequence RCCAUGG (where R stands for...
Initiation of Translation02:33

Initiation of Translation

Initiating translation is complex because it involves multiple molecules. Initiator tRNA, ribosomal subunits, and eukaryotic initiation factors (eIFs) are all required to assemble on the initiation codon of mRNA. This process consists of several steps that are mediated by different eIFs.
First, the initiator tRNA must be selected from the pool of elongator tRNAs by eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF2). The initiator tRNA (Met-tRNAi) has conserved sequence elements including modified bases at...
Translation01:31

Translation

Lesson: Translation
Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from the genetic information carried by messenger RNA (mRNA). Following transcription, it constitutes the final step in the expression of genes. This process is carried out by ribosomes, complexes of protein and specialized RNA molecules. Ribosomes, transfer RNA (tRNA), and other proteins produce a chain of amino acids—the polypeptide—as the end product of translation.
Translation Produces the Building Blocks of Life
Translation01:31

Translation

Lesson: Translation
Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from the genetic information carried by messenger RNA (mRNA). Following transcription, it constitutes the final step in the expression of genes. This process is carried out by ribosomes, complexes of protein and specialized RNA molecules. Ribosomes, transfer RNA (tRNA), and other proteins produce a chain of amino acids—the polypeptide—as the end product of translation.
Translation Produces the Building Blocks of Life
Receptor Downregulation in MVBs01:15

Receptor Downregulation in MVBs

Multivesicular bodies (MVBs) are mature endosomes that sort ubiquitinated proteins and then fuse with lysosomes to degrade the sorted proteins. Epidermal growth factor (EGF) and its receptor (EGFR) form a complex that can be internalized through endocytosis, sorted into an MVB, and later degraded.
The EGFR can initiate signaling pathways that  lead to cell proliferation, migration, and differentiation. Overexpression of EGFR  stimulates cells to proliferate. Excessive  EGFR activation may...
Cancer-Critical Genes I: Proto-oncogenes01:33

Cancer-Critical Genes I: Proto-oncogenes

Genes usually encode proteins necessary for the proper functioning of a healthy cell. Mutations can often cause changes to the gene expression pattern, thereby altering the phenotype.
When the function of certain critical genes, especially those involved in cell cycle regulation and cell growth signaling cascades, gets disrupted, it upsets the cell cycle progression. Such cells with unchecked cell cycles start proliferating uncontrollably and eventually develop into tumors.
Such genes that act...

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Flawed translation triggers oncogenic B-T cell communication.

Seren Baygün1,2, Marc Schmidt-Supprian1,2

  • 1Institute of Experimental Hematology, Center for Translational Cancer Research, School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich , Munich, Germany.

The Journal of Experimental Medicine
|June 24, 2026
PubMed
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Altered translation in B cells disrupts B-T cell interactions, creating a cycle that promotes lymphoma development. This impacts immune tolerance and cancer progression.

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Cancer Research

Background:

  • B-T cell interactions are crucial for adaptive immunity.
  • Immune tolerance mechanisms, including central and peripheral tolerance, prevent autoimmunity.
  • Cell-intrinsic checkpoints regulate immune cell function.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of altered translation in early germinal center B cells.
  • To understand the consequences of aberrant B-T cell cross talk in lymphomagenesis.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of translation in early germinal center B cells.
  • Investigating B-T cell interactions in the context of altered translation.
  • Studying the progression towards lymphomagenesis.

Main Results:

  • Altered translation in early germinal center B cells initiates a detrimental cycle.
  • This cycle involves aberrant B-T cell interactions.
  • The described process culminates in the development of lymphoma.

Conclusions:

  • Aberrant translation in B cells can subvert immune regulation.
  • Disrupted B-T cell cross talk is a key driver of lymphomagenesis.
  • Targeting translation may offer new therapeutic strategies for lymphoma.