An Adhesive Powder Based on Sodium Carboxymethyl Cellulose and Polyacrylic Acid for Efficient Hemostasis

Biomaterials that possess robust tissue adhesion and rapid hemostasis are of great clinical significance in emergency trauma management. Inspired by the adhesive strategy of marine mussels, we developed an adhesive powder (AP) based on sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, acrylic acid, and acrylic acid N-hydroxysuccinimide ester. The powder enables rapid hemostatic sealing, facilitating rapid liquid absorption and excellent wound adaptability. In vitro characterization demonstrated robust tissue adhesion, with an average shear strength of 5947.5 ± 418.8 Pa, an interfacial toughness of 21.1 ± 1.7 J/m², and a tensile strength of 4450.8 ± 452.0 Pa, along with favorable mechanical properties. AP also exhibited excellent biocompatibility in vitro and in vivo, with high cell viability (>90%), underscoring its potential as a safe hemostatic material. In rat models of liver injury and complete femoral arteriovenous transection, AP significantly reduced blood loss and accelerated hemostasis compared to untreated controls. In addition, in a full-thickness skin wound model, AP promoted wound healing. Furthermore, mechanistic studies revealed that the powder enhanced hemostasis by inducing red blood cell aggregation and activating the intrinsic coagulation pathway. Collectively, the powder is a promising candidate for the treatment of severe bleeding.