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Related Concept Videos

Tumor Immunotherapy01:27

Tumor Immunotherapy

Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.
Treatment Resistant Cancers02:56

Treatment Resistant Cancers

Cancer is the second leading cause of death in the United States. A cancer cell is genetically unstable and hence can mutate faster. They can also modify their microenvironment and escape immune surveillance. The difficulties in treating cancer are further compounded by the emergence of rapid resistance to anticancer drugs. The most common ways to attain resistance in cancer cells include alteration in drug transport and metabolism, modification of drug target, elevated DNA damage response, or...
Treatment Resistent Cancers02:56

Treatment Resistent Cancers

Cancer is the second leading cause of death in the United States. A cancer cell is genetically unstable and hence can mutate faster. They can also modify their microenvironment and escape immune surveillance. The difficulties in treating cancer are further compounded by the emergence of rapid resistance to anticancer drugs. The most common ways to attain resistance in cancer cells include alteration in drug transport and metabolism, modification of drug target, elevated DNA damage response, or...
The Tumor Microenvironment02:17

The Tumor Microenvironment

Every normal cell or tissue is embedded in a complex local environment called stroma, consisting of different cell types, a basal membrane, and blood vessels. As normal cells mutate and develop into cancer cells, their local environment also changes to allow cancer progression. The tumor microenvironment (TME) consists of a complex cellular matrix of stromal cells and the developing tumor. The cross-talk between cancer cells and surrounding stromal cells is critical to disrupt normal tissue...
The Tumor Microenvironment02:17

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Every normal cell or tissue is embedded in a complex local environment called stroma, consisting of different cell types, a basal membrane, and blood vessels. As normal cells mutate and develop into cancer cells, their local environment also changes to allow cancer progression. The tumor microenvironment (TME) consists of a complex cellular matrix of stromal cells and the developing tumor. The cross-talk between cancer cells and surrounding stromal cells is critical to disrupt normal tissue...
Cancer Survival Analysis01:21

Cancer Survival Analysis

Cancer survival analysis focuses on quantifying and interpreting the time from a key starting point, such as diagnosis or the initiation of treatment, to a specific endpoint, such as remission or death. This analysis provides critical insights into treatment effectiveness and factors that influence patient outcomes, helping to shape clinical decisions and guide prognostic evaluations. A cornerstone of oncology research, survival analysis tackles the challenges of skewed, non-normally...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 26, 2026

The Clinical Application of Tumor Treating Fields Therapy in Glioblastoma
08:00

The Clinical Application of Tumor Treating Fields Therapy in Glioblastoma

Published on: April 16, 2019

Tumor treating fields: Will the evidence gap ever be filled?

Sruthi Ranganathan1, Sahar Barjesteh van Waalwijk van Doorn-Khosrovani2, Alessandro Hammond3

  • 1School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.

European Journal of Cancer (Oxford, England : 1990)
|June 24, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Tumor Treating Fields (TTFields) evidence is questioned due to lack of sham-controlled trials and suboptimal controls. Further research is needed to isolate TTFields

Keywords:
Control armGlioblastomaLung cancerPancreatic cancerSham-controlTumor treating fields

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Last Updated: Jun 26, 2026

The Clinical Application of Tumor Treating Fields Therapy in Glioblastoma
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Published on: April 16, 2019

Determining the Optimal Inhibitory Frequency for Cancerous Cells Using Tumor Treating Fields (TTFields)
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Determining the Optimal Inhibitory Frequency for Cancerous Cells Using Tumor Treating Fields (TTFields)

Published on: May 4, 2017

Tumor Treating Field Therapy in Combination with Bevacizumab for the Treatment of Recurrent Glioblastoma
06:15

Tumor Treating Field Therapy in Combination with Bevacizumab for the Treatment of Recurrent Glioblastoma

Published on: October 27, 2014

Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Clinical Trial Design

Background:

  • Tumor Treating Fields (TTFields) are approved oncology treatments using low-intensity electric fields.
  • Concerns exist regarding the robustness of evidence supporting TTFields' efficacy.
  • Current evidence may not fully isolate TTFields' contribution from supportive care.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To critically evaluate the evidence base for Tumor Treating Fields (TTFields).
  • To identify limitations in current research supporting TTFields.
  • To recommend improvements for future TTFields clinical trials and evidence generation.

Main Methods:

  • Review of pivotal randomized trials for TTFields.
  • Analysis of control arm selection and trial methodologies.
  • Examination of regulatory pathways and post-market evidence for medical devices.

Main Results:

  • Half of reviewed trials used suboptimal control arms, potentially inflating survival benefit.
  • Lack of sham-controlled trials prevents distinguishing TTFields' effect from supportive care.
  • Limited in vivo dosimetry data and transparent post-market surveillance are noted concerns.

Conclusions:

  • The specific contribution of TTFields to patient outcomes requires further investigation.
  • High-quality sham-controlled trials are essential for validating TTFields efficacy.
  • Harmonized post-market obligations are needed for transparent and reliable evidence generation.