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Related Concept Videos

Skeletal Muscle Relaxants: Adverse Effects01:21

Skeletal Muscle Relaxants: Adverse Effects

Skeletal muscle relaxants are widely used for muscle paralysis and relieving pain following any muscle injury or stiffness. However, depending on the drug type, they can have adverse effects that range from mild to severe. Usually, nondepolarizing neuromuscular blockers have minimal side effects. For example, drugs like d-tubocurarine, cisatracurium, and rocuronium cause hypotension, whereas drugs like baclofen, when stopped abruptly, can lead to the recurrence of spastic conditions.
Unlike...
Skeletal Muscle Relaxants: Therapeutic Uses01:31

Skeletal Muscle Relaxants: Therapeutic Uses

Skeletal muscle relaxants are used to relax muscle tone and alleviate painful muscle contractions. However, the choice of skeletal muscle relaxants depends on the duration of the surgical procedure in order to minimize potential side effects. Skeletal muscle relaxants like neuromuscular blocking agents [NMBAs] are commonly employed as adjuvants alongside general anesthetics in clinical settings. NMBAs are also used to maintain controlled ventilation during surgery of the larynx or pharynx as...
Disorders of the Skeletal Muscle01:28

Disorders of the Skeletal Muscle

The clinical conditions affecting the skeletal muscle tissue are broadly categorized as musculoskeletal and neuromuscular disorders.
Musculoskeletal disorders
Musculoskeletal disorders involve injuries and conditions affecting the skeletal muscles and associated connective tissues. These disorders can arise from acute biomechanical stresses or chronic overuse and can occur across different age groups. Common injuries include sprains, fractures, and muscular strains, often resulting from...
Classification of Skeletal Muscle Relaxants01:28

Classification of Skeletal Muscle Relaxants

Skeletal muscle relaxants are a group of drugs that can reduce muscle stiffness and induce temporary paralysis to relieve pain. These agents can act centrally to reduce muscle tone or spasms in painful conditions such as multiple sclerosis (MS), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), or spinal injuries; they are called antispasmodics or spasmolytics.
Peripherally acting skeletal muscle relaxants interfere with the neurotransmission at the neuromuscular end plate to induce paralysis during...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 26, 2026

A Preclinical Model of Sepsis-Induced Myopathy with Disuse in Mice
04:01

A Preclinical Model of Sepsis-Induced Myopathy with Disuse in Mice

Published on: June 14, 2024

Sepsis-induced neuromuscular dysfunction: A systematic review with meta-analysis.

Álvaro Becerra1, Nicolás Rebolledo2, Felipe Soto3

  • 1Escuela de Fonoaudiología & Departamento de Ciencias Químicas y Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Bernardo O'Higgins, Santiago 8370854, Chile; Escuela de Fonoaudiología, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Bernardo O'Higgins, Santiago 8370854, Chile.

Journal of Infection and Public Health
|June 24, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Sepsis-induced neuromuscular dysfunction (SIND) affects 60% of critically ill patients, often leading to prolonged ICU stays. Identifying modifiable risk factors is key to developing targeted prevention strategies for better patient outcomes.

Keywords:
Muscular disease [MeSH]MyopathyNeuromuscular diseases [MeSH]NeuromyopathyParesis [MeSH]Polyneuropathies [MeSH]Sepsis [MeSH]

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Published on: March 8, 2024

Area of Science:

  • Critical Care Medicine
  • Neurology
  • Infectious Diseases

Background:

  • Sepsis-induced neuromuscular dysfunction (SIND) is a frequent yet underrecognized complication in critically ill patients.
  • SIND contributes to extended intensive care unit (ICU) stays, increased morbidity, and long-term functional deficits.
  • The pathophysiology of SIND is complex, involving host factors, disease severity, and treatments.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically identify and classify risk factors associated with SIND in septic patients.
  • To estimate the pooled prevalence of SIND across existing clinical studies.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic review and meta-analysis adhering to PRISMA 2020 guidelines.
  • Searched Medline, BMC, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar for relevant studies.
  • Included 14 studies with 596 adult sepsis patients; risk factors categorized into seven domains and stratified as modifiable/non-modifiable.

Main Results:

  • Pooled prevalence of SIND was 60% (95% CI: 50-70%), with significant heterogeneity.
  • ICU-acquired neuromuscular dysfunction prevalence was 70% (95% CI: 60-80%), while direct sepsis-related damage was 9% (95% CI: 4-19%).
  • Critical illness polyneuropathy was the most common SIND manifestation, strongly linked to modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors.

Conclusions:

  • SIND is a highly prevalent and multifactorial complication of sepsis.
  • Early identification of risk factors, especially modifiable ones, is crucial for SIND prevention.
  • Targeted preventive strategies can potentially improve clinical outcomes for critically ill patients with sepsis.