Solution-processed aqueous-insensitive transparent conductors for bio-optoelectronics

Bio-optoelectronics necessitate stable and transparent conductors for precise and consistent output of electrical signals. However, diverse aqueous environments challenge the long-term stable operation. In this study, we show a solution-processed transparent conductive nanomembrane that can be directly deposited on human skin and organic substrates, exhibiting good stability in multiple aqueous environments including rainwater, seawater, and biological fluids. This is attributed to the stabilizing of the polymer phase, which improves the stability and biocompatibility of the metal nanowires phase. The strategy ensures reliable electrical performance even in humid or wet environments for bio-signals like electromyography and electrocorticography. Its intrinsic transparency also enables subcutaneous vascular imaging and cerebral neurovascular imaging. This nanomembrane successfully expands the application of skin electronics settings underwater and enables continuous implantable monitoring of the cerebral cortex.