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Related Concept Videos

Mechanism of Ciliary Motion01:05

Mechanism of Ciliary Motion

The ciliary structures were first seen in 1647 by Antonie Leeuwenhoek while observing the protozoans. In lower organisms, these appendages are responsible for cell movement, while in higher organisms, these appendages help in the movement of the extracellular fluids within the body cavities.
The cilia are made up of microtubules in a 9+2 arrangement, with nine microtubule doublet ring bundles, surrounding a pair of central singlet microtubule bundles. The doublet microtubule bundles are...
Mechanism of Ciliary Motion01:05

Mechanism of Ciliary Motion

The ciliary structures were first seen in 1647 by Antonie Leeuwenhoek while observing the protozoans. In lower organisms, these appendages are responsible for cell movement, while in higher organisms, these appendages help in the movement of the extracellular fluids within the body cavities.
The cilia are made up of microtubules in a 9+2 arrangement, with nine microtubule doublet ring bundles, surrounding a pair of central singlet microtubule bundles. The doublet microtubule bundles are...
Microtubules in Cell Motility01:24

Microtubules in Cell Motility

Microtubules are thick hollow cylindrical proteins that help form the cytoskeleton. Microtubules have varied roles in the cell. These filaments help form cellular appendages like cilia and flagella, which are responsible for locomotion. The cilia arise from basal bodies, separated from the main body by a membrane-like structure forming the transition zone. This zone is the gate for the entry of lipids and proteins, creating a unique composition of lipids and proteins in the ciliary membrane and...
The Contractile Ring02:15

The Contractile Ring

Contractile rings are composed of microfilaments and are responsible for separating the daughter cells during cytokinesis. Contractile ring assembly proceeds along with other cell cycle events; however, very few mechanistic details are known about the timing and coordination of the contractile rings with the cell cycle.
A small GTPase, RhoA, controls the function and assembly of the contractile ring. RhoA belongs to the Ras superfamily of proteins. The activation of formins by RhoA promotes...
Spindle Assembly02:50

Spindle Assembly

Spindle assembly occurs through three, often coexisting, pathways – the centrosome-mediated pathway, the chromatin-mediated pathway, and the microtubule-mediated pathway – collectively contributing to form a robust spindle apparatus.
In most cells, centrosomes are the primary microtubule nucleation centers. In the centrosome-mediated pathway, the G2-prophase transition triggers centrosome maturation and increased microtubule nucleation. Progressive nucleation results in a microtubule array...
Spindle Assembly02:50

Spindle Assembly

Spindle assembly occurs through three, often coexisting, pathways – the centrosome-mediated pathway, the chromatin-mediated pathway, and the microtubule-mediated pathway – collectively contributing to form a robust spindle apparatus.
In most cells, centrosomes are the primary microtubule nucleation centers. In the centrosome-mediated pathway, the G2-prophase transition triggers centrosome maturation and increased microtubule nucleation. Progressive nucleation results in a microtubule array...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 26, 2026

Evaluation of Planar-Cell-Polarity Phenotypes in Ciliopathy Mouse Mutant Cochlea
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Published on: February 21, 2016

RGS22 is a metazoa-specific radial spoke component required for coordinated ciliary beating.

Anxuan Fang1,2, Jiajun Luo3, Haomang Xu2

  • 1Department of Burns and Wound Care Center, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.

Nature Communications
|June 24, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

RGS22 is a newly identified metazoa-specific protein crucial for radial spoke structure in motile cilia. Its absence causes defects in ciliary coordination, leading to hydrocephalus.

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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Developmental Biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Metazoan epithelia utilize coordinated motile cilia for unidirectional fluid flow.
  • Radial spokes (RSs) are key for mechano-signal transduction in cilia.
  • The evolutionary acquisition of metazoa-specific RS subunits is largely unknown.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate potential metazoa-specific subunits of radial spokes.
  • To determine the function of RGS22 in ciliary structure and function.

Main Methods:

  • Generation of Rgs22-deficient mice.
  • Transmission electron microscopy of cilia.
  • Analysis of ciliary beat coordination and basal body polarity.
  • Assessment of hydrocephalus development.

Main Results:

  • RGS22 identified as a metazoa-specific component of RS1/2 complexes.
  • Rgs22 deficiency causes RS1 deformation and outer dynein arm disorganization.
  • Impaired ciliary planar polarity, unsynchronized beating, and disrupted basal body rotation observed.
  • Progressive ciliary loss, shortening, and postnatal hydrocephalus developed in Rgs22-deficient mice.

Conclusions:

  • RGS22 is an animal-lineage RS1/2 component essential for normal radial spoke architecture.
  • RGS22 is required for tissue-level ciliary motility and coordination.
  • Defects in RGS22 function are linked to hydrocephalus.