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Related Experiment Videos

A lightweight hash-based quantum-resistant bidirectional authentication protocol for IoT devices integrating physical

Qiang Qin1, Yongjiao Yang2, Jiaxin Lin2

  • 1Guangdong Power Grid Co., Ltd, Guangzhou, 510220, Guangdong, China. swgddwzl@163.com.

Scientific Reports
|June 24, 2026
PubMed
Summary

This study introduces a novel bidirectional authentication protocol for IoT devices, combining Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) with hash-based cryptography for enhanced security against quantum threats.

Keywords:
Bidirectional authenticationInternet of thingsLightweight protocolPhysical unclonable functionPost-quantum cryptographyQuantum resistance

Related Experiment Videos

Area of Science:

  • Computer Science
  • Cybersecurity
  • Cryptography

Background:

  • Internet of Things (IoT) devices face increasing security risks from limited computing power and emerging quantum adversaries.
  • Existing security solutions struggle to balance resource constraints with robust protection against advanced threats.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a bidirectional authentication protocol for IoT devices that is resilient to quantum attacks.
  • To enhance device security without requiring long-term keys in non-volatile memory.

Main Methods:

  • The protocol pairs Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) with hash-based cryptographic primitives.
  • It is designed to be Grover-tolerant, offering quadratic slowdown against quantum search.
  • Security was verified using ProVerif symbolic verification and a sketched QROM reduction.

Main Results:

  • The protocol achieves mutual authentication with conditional forward secrecy and weak unlinkability.
  • Performance metrics on ESP32 include 24.3 ms latency, 15.7 mJ energy consumption, and a 136-byte exchange.
  • The scheme demonstrated practical reliability under environmental stress (0°C to 70°C).

Conclusions:

  • The proposed PUF-based, hash-primitive protocol offers a practical, Grover-tolerant authentication solution for resource-constrained IoT devices.
  • It provides a security balance suitable for current and near-future threats, explicitly acknowledging limitations in full forward secrecy and anonymity.