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  1. Home
  3. Predictive Processing In Time Perception: Assessing Prediction Error Minimization In The Sub-second Range.
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  3. Predictive Processing In Time Perception: Assessing Prediction Error Minimization In The Sub-second Range.

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Predictive processing in time perception: Assessing prediction error minimization in the sub-second range.

Maki Uraguchi1, Hideki Ohira2

  • 1Department of Psychology, Graduate School of Informatics, Nagoya University, Furo-Cho, Chikusa-Ku, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan. uraguchi.maki.w1@f.mail.nagoya-u.ac.jp.

Cognitive, Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience
|June 24, 2026

View abstract on PubMed

Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study shows that our internal sense of time updates to minimize prediction errors. Temporal reference updating depends on the direction and size of prediction errors in sub-second time perception.

Keywords:
Prediction error minimizationPrediction updatingPredictive processingTemporal generalizationTime perception

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Neuroscience
  • Computational Neuroscience

Background:

  • Predictive processing theory suggests minimizing prediction error guides perception, learning, and behavior.
  • Direct empirical tests of this hypothesis in human time perception are limited.
  • This study investigates prediction error minimization within the context of sub-second time perception.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To test the predictive processing theory's hypothesis of prediction error minimization in time perception.
  • To operationalize prediction error minimization as the updating of an internal temporal reference.
  • To examine if temporal reference updating aligns with the direction needed to reduce systematic prediction errors.

Main Methods:

  • Two experiments were conducted involving a temporal generalization task.
  • Participants included university students (Experiment 1) and a broader adult age range (Experiment 2).
  • Reference updating was measured by analyzing changes in distributional asymmetry and peak shifts of temporal generalization gradients.

    • Main Results:

    • Experiment 1 showed that frequent exposure to specific durations caused expected directional shifts in the internal temporal reference.
    • Experiment 2 revealed that reliable shifts in the temporal reference only occurred when prediction error was substantial.
    • Smaller prediction errors in Experiment 2 did not consistently induce reference updating.

    Conclusions:

    • Internal temporal reference updating in sub-second time perception is demonstrably influenced by the direction and magnitude of prediction error.
    • These findings provide direct behavioral evidence supporting the prediction error minimization hypothesis in time perception.
    • The study differentiates reference updating from perceptual biases that affect gradient steepness without altering the peak shift.