Comprehensive genomic and computational insights into Brucella suis: pan-genome analysis, evolutionary perspectives,...

Brucella suis is a zoonotic intracellular pathogen responsible for brucellosis, mainly in swine and humans. Although numerous genome sequences are publicly available, an integrative genomic analysis combining pan-genome architecture, structural organization, evolutionary relationships, and vaccine-associated targets remains limited.

In this study, we analyzed 91 publicly available B.suis genomes to characterize their pan-genome composition and genomic structure. The pan-genome exhibited an open configuration, indicating continued genomic diversification. A total of 2,146 core genes were identified, representing conserved functions essential for species maintenance, while the accessory genome reflected strain-level variability. Phylogenetic reconstruction based on single-copy orthologs revealed distinct evolutionary clades among the strains. A complementary phylogenetic analysis of pan-genome gene presence-absence patterns further supported clade differentiation and highlighted variation in accessory gene repertoires. Comparative synteny and genome structural analyses demonstrated largely conserved chromosomal organization with localized rearrangements across strains. Screening of the core proteome identified 64 putative antigenic proteins with predicted surface localization and immunogenic properties. Additionally, resistance-associated determinants related to tetracycline and doxycycline were detected in one genome within the dataset.

This comprehensive genomic analysis defines the pan-genome structure, evolutionary relationships, and genome organization of B.suis. The integration of core and pan-genome-based phylogenies provides complementary insights into strain diversification, while the identified conserved antigenic candidates offer a foundation for future experimental validation and rational vaccine development strategies.