Stem cell therapies for treatment of diabetes mellitus

The increasing global prevalence of diabetes mellitus (DM) necessitates the development of innovative therapeutic strategies that effectively address its symptoms and alleviate its enduring pathological consequences. Stem cells (SCs), which have biological advantages such as multidirectional differentiation capabilities and immune regulatory functions, exhibit tremendous potential for diabetes treatment. Human embryonic SCs or induced pluripotent SC-derived insulin-producing cells offer a promising source for islet cell replenishment in the treatment of insulin-depleted diabetes; however, immune rejection and safety concerns remain significant challenges in further clinical applications. Transplantation of hematopoietic and mesenchymal SCs also shows remarkable potential for the treatment of diabetes. These cells possess the ability to modulate the immune system, stimulate endogenous β-cell regeneration, and preserve residual β-cell function, ultimately leading to enhanced pancreatic islet function and reduced insulin resistance. However, safety and efficacy considerations for SCs remain paramount. This review comprehensively summarizes the recent advancements and molecular mechanisms of SCs in the treatment of DM, underscoring the feasibility, benefits, and current limitations of SC therapy for DM, and offering a lucid perspective on their therapeutic possibilities.