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Haptic technology in orthodontics: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Mohammad Khursheed Alam1,2,3, Suliman Alsaeed4,5,6, Mohammad Younis Hajeer7
1Preventive Dentistry Department, College of Dentistry, Jouf University, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia.
Frontiers in Oral Health
|June 25, 2026
Summary
Haptic and virtual reality technologies significantly enhance orthodontic training and psychomotor learning. While educational benefits are clear, direct patient care improvements are still emerging.
Area of Science:
- Orthodontics
- Medical Education
- Human-Computer Interaction
Background:
- Haptic technology offers tactile feedback, increasingly used in orthodontics.
- Effectiveness of haptic and virtual reality (VR) in orthodontics requires synthesis.
Purpose of the Study:
- To systematically review and meta-analyze evidence on haptic and VR technologies in orthodontic training and practice.
- To assess the impact on psychomotor learning and procedural planning.
Main Methods:
- Systematic literature search adhering to PRISMA guidelines.
- Meta-analysis of nine eligible studies using random-effects model (Hedges' g).
- Subgroup analyses to explore heterogeneity.
Main Results:
- A large, statistically significant pooled effect size (g = 1.40) indicates benefits.
- Positive effects observed in bracket-bonding training and orthognathic surgical planning.
- High heterogeneity (I² = 77.32%) noted, with greater variability in bracket-bonding studies.
Conclusions:
- Haptic and VR systems show value for psychomotor learning and procedural planning in orthodontics.
- Educational efficacy is supported, but direct patient care benefits require further investigation.
- Evidence base is limited by moderate risk of bias and small study numbers.
