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Related Concept Videos

The Tumor Microenvironment02:17

The Tumor Microenvironment

Every normal cell or tissue is embedded in a complex local environment called stroma, consisting of different cell types, a basal membrane, and blood vessels. As normal cells mutate and develop into cancer cells, their local environment also changes to allow cancer progression. The tumor microenvironment (TME) consists of a complex cellular matrix of stromal cells and the developing tumor. The cross-talk between cancer cells and surrounding stromal cells is critical to disrupt normal tissue...
The Tumor Microenvironment02:17

The Tumor Microenvironment

Every normal cell or tissue is embedded in a complex local environment called stroma, consisting of different cell types, a basal membrane, and blood vessels. As normal cells mutate and develop into cancer cells, their local environment also changes to allow cancer progression. The tumor microenvironment (TME) consists of a complex cellular matrix of stromal cells and the developing tumor. The cross-talk between cancer cells and surrounding stromal cells is critical to disrupt normal tissue...
Introduction to the Human Microbiota01:22

Introduction to the Human Microbiota

Microorganisms colonize various regions of the human body, including the mouth, nasal passages, throat, stomach, intestines, urogenital tract, and skin. The total number of microbial cells is estimated to range from 10¹³ to 10¹⁴—comparable to, or exceeding, the number of human somatic cells. This host–microbiome relationship has led to the conceptualization of humans as supraorganisms, wherein microbial communities perform vital roles in development, immunity, and disease...
Tumor Immunotherapy01:27

Tumor Immunotherapy

Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.
Microbiota Modulation by Antibiotics01:21

Microbiota Modulation by Antibiotics

Antibiotics have revolutionized modern medicine by saving countless lives from bacterial infections. However, their widespread use has inadvertently harmed the delicate balance of the human gut microbiota. The gut microbiota, a complex community of bacteria, archaea, viruses, and fungi, plays a vital role in regulating metabolism, immune responses, and maintaining intestinal health. Antibiotics, especially broad-spectrum types, disrupt this ecosystem by eradicating both harmful and beneficial...
mTOR Signaling and Cancer Progression03:03

mTOR Signaling and Cancer Progression

The mammalian target of rapamycin or mTOR protein was discovered in 1994 due to its direct interaction with rapamycin. The protein gets its name from a yeast homolog called TOR. The mTOR protein complex in mammalian cells plays a major role in balancing anabolic processes such as the synthesis of proteins, lipids, and nucleotides and catabolic processes, such as autophagy in response to environmental cues, such as availability of nutrients and growth factors.
The mTOR pathway or the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 26, 2026

A Mimic of the Tumor Microenvironment: A Simple Method for Generating Enriched Cell Populations and Investigating Intercellular Communication
09:52

A Mimic of the Tumor Microenvironment: A Simple Method for Generating Enriched Cell Populations and Investigating Intercellular Communication

Published on: September 20, 2016

Programming the tumor microenvironment through microbiome-driven mechanisms.

Jhommara Bautista1, Sebastián Calderón-Cevallos1, Ana María Salvador-Baquero1

  • 1Cancer Research Group (CRG), Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Las Américas, Quito, Ecuador.

Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology
|June 25, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The gut microbiome influences cancer by releasing metabolites that alter immune responses within the tumor microenvironment (TME). Understanding these microbial signals is key to improving cancer treatments and patient outcomes.

Keywords:
clinical translationdrug metabolismimmune checkpoint activitymetabolitesmicrobiome-derived signalstumor microenvironment

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Studying the Effects of Tumor-Secreted Paracrine Ligands on Macrophage Activation using Co-Culture with Permeable Membrane Supports
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Studying the Effects of Tumor-Secreted Paracrine Ligands on Macrophage Activation using Co-Culture with Permeable Membrane Supports

Published on: November 28, 2019

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Last Updated: Jun 26, 2026

A Mimic of the Tumor Microenvironment: A Simple Method for Generating Enriched Cell Populations and Investigating Intercellular Communication
09:52

A Mimic of the Tumor Microenvironment: A Simple Method for Generating Enriched Cell Populations and Investigating Intercellular Communication

Published on: September 20, 2016

Studying the Effects of Tumor-Secreted Paracrine Ligands on Macrophage Activation using Co-Culture with Permeable Membrane Supports
07:44

Studying the Effects of Tumor-Secreted Paracrine Ligands on Macrophage Activation using Co-Culture with Permeable Membrane Supports

Published on: November 28, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Microbiology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • The tumor microenvironment (TME) is a complex ecosystem of immune, stromal, and metabolic cells that dictates tumor progression and treatment efficacy.
  • Microbial communities residing within the host significantly impact the TME through the production of various metabolites.
  • These microbial metabolites interact with host signaling pathways, influencing immune cell function and tumor behavior.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the mechanisms by which microbial communities modulate host signaling within the tumor microenvironment.
  • To explore how microbiome-derived metabolites influence immune cell differentiation, antigen presentation, and metabolic adaptation.
  • To understand the role of microbiome-associated mechanisms in tumor initiation, progression, and response to therapy.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of host-microbe interactions within the TME.
  • Investigating the role of microbial metabolites (e.g., LPS, SCFAs, bile acids) in engaging host receptors (e.g., TLRs, GPCRs, AhR).
  • Assessing the impact of microbial signals on immune cell differentiation, antigen presentation, and metabolic adaptation within the TME.

Main Results:

  • Microbiome-derived signals, including LPS and SCFAs, engage host receptors to regulate immune cell function and metabolic adaptation within the TME.
  • These signals can promote either immune suppression or immune activation in a context-dependent manner, affecting tumor progression and immune evasion.
  • Host factors like inflammation and metabolic constraints also shape the microbial composition and function within tumor niches.

Conclusions:

  • Microbiome-associated mechanisms are integral to tumor initiation, progression, and therapeutic response, impacting immune checkpoints and drug metabolism.
  • Significant limitations exist, including reliance on associative data, methodological variability, and challenges in integrating multi-omics datasets.
  • Clinical translation necessitates mechanistic validation, longitudinal studies, and standardized frameworks to establish reproducible microbiome-associated signatures for cancer therapy.