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Updated: Jun 26, 2026

Manufacturing Of Robust Natural Fiber Preforms Utilizing Bacterial Cellulose as Binder
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Biomass-Derived Green Cellulose Reinforced PAM Hydrogel for Next-Generation Flexible Electronics.

Jianmeng Pang1,2, Mian Xu1,2, Yang Yang1,2

  • 1Key Laboratory of Low-grade Energy Utilization Technologies and Systems (Chongqing University), Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400030, China.

Nano Letters
|June 25, 2026
PubMed
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Researchers enhanced polyacrylamide (PAM) hydrogels using biomass-derived sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (DES-NaCMC). This improves mechanical strength and mass transport for advanced microelectronic devices like fuel cells and strain sensors.

Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Electrochemistry
  • Biotechnology

Background:

  • Hydrogels are crucial in microelectronics for solution storage and mass transport.
  • Polyacrylamide (PAM) hydrogels suffer from poor mechanical performance, limiting their application.
  • Enhancing hydrogel properties is key for developing next-generation electronic devices.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To improve the mechanical properties and mass transport capabilities of PAM hydrogels.
  • To synthesize a functional additive from biomass for hydrogel enhancement.
  • To evaluate the performance of modified hydrogels in microelectronic applications.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesized deep eutectic solvent sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (DES-NaCMC) from wheat straw-derived cellulose via etherification.
Keywords:
Deep eutectic solventDirect liquid fuel cellHydrogelSodium carboxymethyl celluloseStrain sensor

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  • Incorporated DES-NaCMC as a functional additive into PAM hydrogels.
  • Characterized the mechanical properties, crystallinity, swelling behavior, and mass transport of the modified hydrogels.
  • Fabricated and tested micro-direct liquid fuel cells and hydrogel-based strain sensors.

    • Main Results:

    • DES-NaCMC significantly enhanced the mechanical properties of PAM hydrogels.
    • The incorporation of DES-NaCMC regulated hydrogel crystallinity and swelling, improving mass transport.
    • Modified hydrogels demonstrated substantially enhanced performance in micro-direct liquid fuel cells compared to pure PAM.
    • Hydrogel-based strain sensors showed high sensitivity and a broad detection range for human-motion monitoring.

    Conclusions:

    • Biomass-derived DES-NaCMC is an effective additive for enhancing PAM hydrogels.
    • The developed hydrogel platform offers improved performance for microelectronic devices.
    • This work presents a sustainable approach for creating advanced hydrogels for microelectronics.