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Related Concept Videos

Ladder Diagrams: Redox Equilibria01:30

Ladder Diagrams: Redox Equilibria

Ladder diagrams are useful tools for understanding redox equilibrium reactions, especially the effects of concentration changes on the electrochemical potential of the reaction. The vertical axis in the redox ladder diagrams represents the electrochemical potential, E. The area of predominance is demarcated using the Nernst equation.
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Ions are atoms or molecules bearing an electrical charge. A cation (a positive ion) forms when a neutral atom loses one or more electrons from its valence shell, and an anion (a negative ion) forms when a neutral atom gains one or more electrons in its valence shell. Compounds composed of ions are called ionic compounds (or salts), and their constituent ions are held together by ionic bonds: electrostatic forces of attraction between oppositely charged cations and anions.
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In complexation reactions, metal cations are the electron pair acceptors, and the ligands are the electron pair donors. The stability of the metal complexes depends primarily on the complexing ability of the central metal ion and the nature of the ligands. Generally, the complexing ability of the metal ion depends on the size and charge of the ion. As the metal ion size increases, the stability of the metal complexes decreases, provided that the valency of the metal ion and the ligands remain...

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Characterization of Electrode Materials for Lithium Ion and Sodium Ion Batteries Using Synchrotron Radiation Techniques
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Stabilizing Lattice Oxygen Redox Through Bicarbonate Pyrolysis-Driven Multifunctional Interface Engineering in

Hongyu Zhu1, Shaoyun Yang1, Lu Lu1

  • 1Guangxi Key Laboratory of Low Carbon Energy Materials, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, China.

Small (Weinheim an Der Bergstrasse, Germany)
|June 25, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Interface engineering using bicarbonate pyrolysis enhances Li-rich layered oxide cathodes for next-generation lithium-ion batteries, significantly improving stability and energy density.

Keywords:
Li‐rich layered oxidesbicarbonate pyrolysiscycling stabilityhigh‐energy densityinterface engineeringlithium‐ion batteries

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Electrochemistry
  • Energy Storage

Background:

  • Li-rich layered oxides (LRs) offer high capacity for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs).
  • Commercialization is hindered by capacity fading, voltage decay, and oxygen release.
  • Advanced cathode materials are crucial for next-generation energy storage.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop an innovative interface engineering strategy for Li-rich layered oxides.
  • To enhance the electrochemical performance and stability of LRs.
  • To address the challenges of capacity fading and voltage decay in LIBs.

Main Methods:

  • Interface engineering via bicarbonate pyrolysis.
  • Surface modification with a spinel-phase layer and oxygen vacancies.
  • Doping with K+, Na+, or Mg2+ near the surface.
  • Ex/in situ characterizations and theoretical calculations.

Main Results:

  • Constructed a coherent spinel-phase surface layer and generated oxygen vacancies.
  • Optimized KHCO3-treated sample (SK-LR) showed 94.9% capacity retention after 500 cycles (1C).
  • SK-LR achieved high energy density (1110.5 Wh kg-1), improved rate capability, and thermal stability.
  • Stabilized lattice oxygen, strengthened Mn-O bonds, and optimized ion/electron transport.

Conclusions:

  • Interface engineering effectively enhances the stability and performance of Li-rich cathodes.
  • Bicarbonate pyrolysis offers a viable pathway for developing ultra-stable, high-energy density LIBs.
  • The developed method addresses key limitations of Li-rich layered oxides for practical applications.