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Related Concept Videos

Pulmonary Tuberculosis V01:28

Pulmonary Tuberculosis V

Medical management of tuberculosis (TB) patients involves a comprehensive approach that includes diagnosis, treatment, and monitoring. The specific strategies can vary depending on the type of tuberculosis (latent or active), the patient's overall health status, and other considerations.
Latent tuberculosis infection occurs when TB bacteria are present in a person's body, but are not causing illness or symptoms. It is not contagious, and preventive treatment is crucial to avoid the progression...
Pulmonary Tuberculosis II01:28

Pulmonary Tuberculosis II

Tuberculosis, or TB, is a bacterial infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. While its primary impact is on the lungs, leading to pulmonary tuberculosis, it can also affect various other organs, a condition referred to as extrapulmonary tuberculosis.
Here is a detailed explanation of its pathophysiology:
Transmission: The process begins when a person inhales droplet nuclei containing M. tuberculosis. These are typically released into the air when an individual with pulmonary or...
Pulmonary Tuberculosis I01:29

Pulmonary Tuberculosis I

Tuberculosis, often called TB, is a contagious illness primarily caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It mainly affects the lung parenchyma but can also impact other body parts.
Causative Organism
The primary infectious agent causing tuberculosis is Mycobacterium tuberculosis, a slow-growing, acid-fast, aerobic rod that exhibits sensitivity to heat and ultraviolet light. Instances of Mycobacterium bovis and Mycobacterium avium contributing to the development of TB infection are rare.
Mode of...
Pulmonary Tuberculosis IV01:26

Pulmonary Tuberculosis IV

Tuberculosis, more commonly referred to as TB, is an infectious disease stemming from Mycobacterium tuberculosis. While it primarily impacts the lungs, TB can also affect other body areas. Given its severity and global impact, timely and accurate diagnosis is crucial for controlling its spread and improving patient outcomes.
Several diagnostic approaches are used to detect TB. The conventional method is the Tuberculin Skin Test (TST), also known as the Mantoux test. However, this method has...
Pulmonary Tuberculosis III01:31

Pulmonary Tuberculosis III

Tuberculosis (TB) is a contagious infection primarily affecting the lung parenchyma but which can also affect other body parts. TB can be classified based on disease development, presentation, and the affected anatomical site.
The first classification is based on the development of the disease, and it includes the following categories:
Therapeutic Drug Monitoring: Affecting Factors01:29

Therapeutic Drug Monitoring: Affecting Factors

Therapeutic Drug Monitoring (TDM) is the clinical practice of measuring specific drug levels in a patient's blood or body tissues to manage and optimize therapy. TDM is crucial for drugs with narrow therapeutic windows, like warfarin and phenytoin, where incorrect doses can lead to treatment failure or severe side effects. This monitoring ensures the dosage administered is within a safe and effective range. The factors affecting therapeutic drug monitoring include:Patient-Specific Factors:a.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 26, 2026

A 3D Human Lung Tissue Model for Functional Studies on Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection
10:10

A 3D Human Lung Tissue Model for Functional Studies on Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection

Published on: October 5, 2015

A data-driven tuberculosis model with behavioral changes and saturated treatment: Optimal control and

Pooja Khoda1, Tapan Sarkar2, Om Prakash Meena3

  • 1Department of Mathematics, Shaheed Bhagat Singh College, University of Delhi, New Delhi 110017, India.

Chaos (Woodbury, N.Y.)
|June 25, 2026
PubMed
Summary

This study developed a tuberculosis transmission model for India, finding that preventive measures alone are most effective at baseline. With improved intervention efficacy, combining preventive measures and active case finding is the most cost-effective strategy to reduce TB transmission.

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Area of Science:

  • Epidemiology
  • Mathematical Modeling
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Tuberculosis (TB) remains a significant global health challenge, necessitating effective control strategies.
  • India faces a substantial burden of TB, requiring data-driven approaches to meet WHO End TB strategy goals.
  • Existing TB models often lack the granularity to assess complex intervention dynamics and cost-effectiveness.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and analyze a data-driven mathematical model for tuberculosis transmission in India.
  • To evaluate the cost-effectiveness of various intervention strategies for TB control.
  • To identify optimal intervention combinations to accelerate progress towards the WHO End TB strategy milestones.

Main Methods:

  • A susceptible-exposed-infectious-treatment (SEIT) model with Holling type-II incidence and Verhulst-type treatment was formulated.
  • Model parameters were estimated using Indian TB incidence data from 2000-2020.
  • Optimal control theory, including Pontryagin's maximum principle, was applied to assess intervention strategies (preventive measures, preventive treatment, active case finding).

Main Results:

  • The basic reproduction number (R0) was estimated at 1.4507, indicating endemic transmission.
  • Under baseline intervention efficacy, strategy E (preventive measures only) was most effective in reducing transmission.
  • With enhanced intervention efficacy, strategy C (preventive measures + active case finding) was the most cost-effective, showing the lowest ACER and ICER.

Conclusions:

  • The study provides evidence-based, cost-effective strategies for TB control in India.
  • Optimizing intervention combinations is crucial for achieving significant reductions in TB incidence and mortality.
  • Findings can inform policy decisions to accelerate progress towards eliminating TB in India by 2035.