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  1. Home
  3. Spontaneous Galvanic Electron Injection For Programmable Functionalization And Patterning Of Monolayer Graphene.
  1. Home
  3. Spontaneous Galvanic Electron Injection For Programmable Functionalization And Patterning Of Monolayer Graphene.

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Spontaneous Galvanic Electron Injection for Programmable Functionalization and Patterning of Monolayer Graphene.

Yisheng Wei1, Xin Yuan1, Huayue Su1

  • 1State Key Laboratory of New Textile Materials and Advanced Processing and School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China.

ACS Nano
|June 25, 2026

View abstract on PubMed

Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

We developed galvanic electron injection (GEI), a self-powered method for precisely controlling graphene

Keywords:
covalent functionalizationdiazonium chemistrygalvanic electron injectiongraphene chemistrygraphene patterningself-powered reaction

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Surface Chemistry
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • Conventional graphene functionalization requires aggressive external power sources.
  • Existing methods lack orthogonal control over chemical dose and spatial programming.
  • This limits the precise modification of graphene's properties.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Introduce a novel, self-powered method for covalent functionalization of graphene.
  • Enable high-dose and spatially programmable modification under ambient conditions.
  • Develop an orthogonal control strategy for graphene chemistry.

Main Methods:

  • Galvanic electron injection (GEI) using metal-graphene junctions.
  • Leveraging spontaneous interfacial potential for electron transfer.
  • Utilizing a "metal/reagent potential" matching rule for activation.
  • Employing photolithography for spatial patterning.

Main Results:

  • Achieved rapid (≈1 second) C-C bond formation with aryl diazonium salts (Raman ID/IG up to ≈3).
  • Extended functionalization to alkyl iodides with minimal external compensation.
  • Demonstrated orthogonal control of chemical dose via metal choice, reaction time, and oxygen content.
  • Achieved ~1 μm resolution patterning using photolithography integrated with GEI.

Conclusions:

  • GEI offers a mild, self-powered, and programmable approach to graphene functionalization.
  • This method provides orthogonal control over grafting density and spatial distribution.
  • GEI enables precise, contact-mediated chemical writing on graphene surfaces.