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Related Concept Videos

Pollination and Flower Structure02:40

Pollination and Flower Structure

Flowers are the reproductive, seed-producing structures of angiosperms. Typically, flowers consist of sepals, petals, stamens, and carpels. Sepals and petals are the vegetative flower organs. Stamens and carpels are the reproductive organs.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 26, 2026

Empirical, Metagenomic, and Computational Techniques Illuminate the Mechanisms by which Fungicides Compromise Bee Health
08:36

Empirical, Metagenomic, and Computational Techniques Illuminate the Mechanisms by which Fungicides Compromise Bee Health

Published on: October 9, 2017

From Plant Metabolites to Pollinator Safety: Rethinking Selectivity of Botanical Insecticides in Bees-A Review.

Silvana Aparecida de Souza1, Isabella Maria Pompeu Monteiro Padial1, José Vinícius Conceição da Cruz2

  • 1Postgraduate Program in Entomology and Biodiversity Conservation, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Federal University of Grande Dourados, Dourados-Itahum Highway, km 12, Dourados 79804-970, MS, Brazil.

Biology
|June 25, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Botanical insecticides, used in Integrated Pest Management (IPM), can harm bees. More research is needed on diverse bee species and chronic exposure to ensure pollinator safety.

Keywords:
Integrated Pest Managementbeesbotanical biopesticidesecotoxicologynon-target organismsrisk assessmentsublethal effects

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Last Updated: Jun 26, 2026

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Area of Science:

  • Agricultural Entomology
  • Ecotoxicology
  • Pollinator Health

Background:

  • Botanical insecticides are increasingly used in Integrated Pest Management (IPM) as biodegradable alternatives to synthetic pesticides.
  • Despite their perceived safety, botanical insecticides can negatively impact non-target organisms, especially pollinators like bees.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the selectivity of botanical insecticides towards pollinators.
  • To analyze historical data, mechanisms of action, ecotoxicological impacts, and risk assessment limitations.
  • To highlight research gaps concerning diverse bee groups and chronic exposure.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review integrating historical perspectives on botanical insecticides.
  • Analysis of ecotoxicological data on lethal and sublethal effects on bees.
  • Evaluation of current risk assessment methodologies for botanical insecticides.

Main Results:

  • Botanical insecticides can cause lethal and sublethal effects in bees, affecting behavior, development, and physiology.
  • Most studies focus on *Apis mellifera* workers under acute exposure, neglecting other bee species and chronic effects.
  • Existing regulatory frameworks are primarily designed for synthetic pesticides.

Conclusions:

  • Current risk assessments for botanical insecticides are insufficient for ensuring pollinator safety.
  • Expanded ecotoxicological studies are crucial for diverse bee populations and chronic exposure scenarios.
  • Developing robust assessment strategies is vital for sustainable pest management and pollinator conservation.