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Related Concept Videos

Interfacial Electrochemical Methods: Overview01:06

Interfacial Electrochemical Methods: Overview

Interfacial electrochemical methods focus on the phenomena occurring at the boundary between an electrode and a solution, as opposed to bulk methods that concentrate on the solution's overall properties. These interfacial methods are classified as either static or dynamic based on the presence of a nonzero current in the electrochemical cell and the consistency of analyte concentrations. Static methods, such as potentiometry, measure the cell's potential without any significant current passing...
Potentiometry: Membrane Electrodes01:15

Potentiometry: Membrane Electrodes

Membrane electrodes, also known as p-ion electrodes, use membranes that selectively interact with free analyte ions, generating a potential difference across the membrane. The resulting membrane potential, known as the asymmetry potential, is not zero even when analyte concentrations on both sides of the membrane are equal. The membrane's response is typically not selective to a single analyte but proportional to the concentration of all ions in the sample solution capable of interacting at the...
Potentiometry: Types of Electrodes01:19

Potentiometry: Types of Electrodes

Reference electrodes serve as a stable reference point for potentiometric measurements, while indicator and working electrodes react to variations in the composition of a solution.
The Standard Hydrogen Electrode (SHE) is a widely used reference electrode that maintains zero potential across all temperatures. However, its need for a continuous hydrogen gas supply renders it impractical for everyday use.
An alternative to SHE is the Saturated Calomel Electrode (SCE). This electrode features an...
Amperometry: Overview01:10

Amperometry: Overview

Amperometry is a technique commonly used to measure the concentration of specific analytes in a solution by monitoring the electric current generated during an electrochemical reaction. It involves applying a constant potential between a working electrode and a reference electrode to measure the resulting current, which is proportional to the concentration of the analyte. The Clark oxygen electrode operates based on this principle of amperometry. It consists of a cathode and an anode enclosed...
Potentiometry: Overview01:06

Potentiometry: Overview

Potentiometry is an analytical technique that measures the potential difference between two electrodes in an electrochemical cell without drawing any significant current that could alter the solution's composition. This method employs an indicator electrode, which exchanges electrons with the analyte solution, and a reference electrode with a constant potential. Each electrode is immersed in a solution comprised of two half-cells. In a conventional setup, the reference electrode serves as the...

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Updated: Jun 26, 2026

In Vitro Multiparametric Cellular Analysis by Micro Organic Charge-modulated Field-effect Transistor Arrays
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Published on: September 20, 2021

Opto-Electrochemical Probes for In Vitro/In Vivo Analysis: Principles, Designs, and Applications.

Alexander N Vaneev1,2, Petr V Gorelkin1, Natalia L Klyachko2

  • 1Research Laboratory of Biophysics, National University of Science and Technology "MISIS", 119049 Moscow, Russia.

Biosensors
|June 25, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Multifunctional probes combining optical and electrochemical methods enable simultaneous light delivery and metabolite detection in living cells. These hybrid devices advance optogenetics and cellular monitoring for in vitro and in vivo research.

Keywords:
electrochemical sensingnanoelectrodesnanoendoscopyoptical fiberscanning ion-conductance microscopyscanning probe microscopysingle-cell analysis

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Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Neuroscience
  • Analytical Chemistry

Background:

  • Multifunctional probes integrating optical and electrochemical channels are crucial for advanced cellular studies.
  • Existing technologies face limitations in spatial resolution and multiplexed detection.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advances in multifunctional probes for in vitro/in vivo studies.
  • To categorize probe architectures and discuss fabrication, surface modification, and applications.
  • To identify limitations and future directions for probe development.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic review of literature on opto-electrochemical probes.
  • Categorization based on probe architecture (nanoendoscopes, shared/separated channels, neural interfaces).
  • Discussion of fabrication, surface modification, and biological applications.

Main Results:

  • Integration of electrodes with optical fibers enables localized light delivery and electrochemical detection.
  • Hybrid devices bridge optical stimulation (e.g., optogenetics) with electrochemical monitoring.
  • Different probe architectures offer unique capabilities for intracellular, surface, and neural interface applications.

Conclusions:

  • Multifunctional probes offer a powerful platform for localized cellular analysis.
  • Challenges include balancing optical transparency with electrical conductivity and meeting mechanical demands for neural probes.
  • Future directions include enhancing spatial resolution, multiplexed detection, and in vivo translation.