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Updated: Jun 26, 2026

Conformable Wearable Electrodes: From Fabrication to Electrophysiological Assessment

Conformable Wearable Electrodes: From Fabrication to Electrophysiological Assessment

Published on: July 22, 2022

Advances in Wearable Biosensors for Non-Invasive Biofluid Monitoring.

Rajib Mondal^1,2, Manob Jyoti Saikia^1,2

¹Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152, USA.

|June 25, 2026

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Wearable biosensors offer non-invasive health monitoring using biofluids like sweat. This review covers advances in sensing principles and modalities for personalized, AI-assisted precision healthcare.

Keywords:

biofluid analysis continuous monitoring flexible electronics human digital twins non-invasive sensing point-of-care diagnostics precision healthcare wearable biosensors wireless health monitoring

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Area of Science:

Biomedical Engineering
Nanotechnology
Analytical Chemistry

Background:

Rising global prevalence of chronic diseases necessitates continuous, non-invasive health monitoring.
Wearable biosensors provide real-time physiological and biochemical measurements outside clinical settings.
Biofluid-based biosensors (sweat, tears, saliva) offer a painless alternative to blood sampling for comprehensive health assessment.

Purpose of the Study:

To review recent advancements in non-invasive wearable biosensors for continuous health monitoring.
To focus on sensing principles, including biorecognition elements, signal transduction, and data acquisition.
To discuss various sensing modalities and their applications in biofluid analysis.

Main Methods:

Review of recent scientific literature on wearable biosensors and biofluid analysis.
Analysis of sensing principles: biorecognition, signal transduction, data acquisition.
Discussion of sensing modalities: electrochemical, optical, thermal, piezoelectric.

Main Results:

Wearable biosensors enable real-time analysis of metabolites, electrolytes, hormones, and biomarkers in accessible biofluids.
Various sensing modalities demonstrate advantages for wearable integration and performance in biofluid sensing.
Recent developments highlight applications in continuous health tracking and disease biomarker detection.

Conclusions:

Non-invasive wearable biosensors are crucial for personalized healthcare and managing chronic diseases.
Further development is needed to address challenges for clinical deployment.
Future directions include AI-assisted systems for precision healthcare.