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Related Concept Videos

Precipitation Titration: Endpoint Detection Methods01:19

Precipitation Titration: Endpoint Detection Methods

In argentometric precipitation titrations, endpoints can be detected visually by the Mohr, Volhard, and Fajans methods. In the Mohr method, adding a soluble chromate indicator gives an initial yellow color to the analyte solution. As the titrant is added, the first excess of silver ions forms a red silver chromate precipitate, marking the endpoint. The solution pH should be maintained at about 8 by adding solid CaCO3.
In the Volhard method, a standard excess of AgNO3 is first added to the...

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Selective Colorimetric Determination of Phenylephrine Using a Prussian Blue Nanoparticle-Modified Paper-Based Sensor.

Nihal Ermiş1, Nigar Aksöz1, Mustafa Oğuzhan Sert1

  • 1Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Samsun University, 55420 Samsun, Türkiye.

Biosensors
|June 25, 2026
PubMed
Summary

A new paper-based sensor using Prussian blue nanoparticles can detect phenylephrine, a common decongestant. This simple, rapid method offers reliable results for biological monitoring and anti-doping control.

Keywords:
Prussian blue nanoparticlescolorimetric sensordigital image analysispaper-based sensorphenylephrine

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Area of Science:

  • Analytical Chemistry
  • Nanomaterials Science
  • Biomedical Sensing

Background:

  • Phenylephrine is a widely used α1-adrenergic agonist in pharmaceuticals.
  • Accurate determination of phenylephrine is crucial for biological monitoring and anti-doping.
  • Existing analytical methods can be complex and time-consuming.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a rapid, sensitive, and reliable paper-based colorimetric sensor for phenylephrine determination.
  • To utilize Prussian blue nanoparticles for a novel sensing mechanism.
  • To validate the sensor's performance in artificial urine samples.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis and characterization of Prussian blue nanoparticles via precipitation.
  • Development of a colorimetric sensing mechanism based on phenylephrine-induced reduction of Prussian blue.
  • Integration of the sensing system onto a paper-based platform for visual and digital detection.
  • Validation using artificial urine samples and digital image analysis.

Main Results:

  • The sensor showed a linear response for phenylephrine from 5-150 µg mL⁻¹ with a limit of detection of 1.56 µg mL⁻¹.
  • Paper-based detection with ImageJ analysis yielded a linear response (5-150 µg mL⁻¹) and a detection limit of 5.37 µg mL⁻¹.
  • High recovery (95.87-97.5%) and low standard deviation (1.15-2.13%) were achieved in artificial urine samples.

Conclusions:

  • A simple, efficient paper-based colorimetric sensor for phenylephrine detection was successfully developed.
  • The sensor utilizes a direct Prussian blue-Prussian white redox transition, offering a novel approach.
  • This method provides a promising alternative to conventional techniques for phenylephrine analysis.