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Related Concept Videos

Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming01:24

Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming

Nuclear reprogramming is a process of transforming one cell type into an unrelated cell type by epigenetic changes that alter the cell’s original gene expression pattern. Such epigenetic changes force cells to express a different set of genes, which play a significant role in inducing transformation into other cell types. Nuclear reprogramming offers applications in reproductive cloning for livestock propagation and regenerative medicine — developing patient-specific cells for injury repair.
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Gene Conversion

Other than maintaining genome stability via DNA repair, homologous recombination plays an important role in diversifying the genome. In fact, the recombination of sequences forms the molecular basis of genomic evolution. Random and non-random permutations of genomic sequences create a library of new amalgamated sequences. These newly formed genomes can determine the fitness and survival of cells. In bacteria, homologous and non-homologous types of recombination lead to the evolution of new...
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Nuclear Transmutation

Nuclear transmutation is the conversion of one nuclide into another. It can occur by the radioactive decay of a nucleus, or the reaction of a nucleus with another particle. The first manmade nucleus was produced in Ernest Rutherford’s laboratory in 1919 by a transmutation reaction, the bombardment of one type of nuclei with other nuclei or with neutrons. Rutherford bombarded nitrogen-14 atoms with high-speed α particles from a natural radioactive isotope of radium and observed protons being...
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Introduction to Nuclear Reprogramming

Nuclear reprogramming is the process of switching gene expression of one cell type to that of another cell type, usually from a differentiated cell state to an undifferentiated cell state. Differentiation occurs during processes such as development and morphogenesis, tissue regeneration, and malignancy. Cells can also be artificially induced to reprogram their gene expression by techniques such as nuclear transfer, induced pluripotency, and cell fusion. Such techniques have many applications in...
Genome Copying Errors02:46

Genome Copying Errors

DNA replication is a well-evolved process that copies millions of base pairs with high fidelity during each cell division. Occasionally a wrong base or a long stretch of wrong bases may get added to the daughter strands. If the errors are left unchecked, cells might accumulate several mutations that might endanger their  survival. Therefore, the copying errors are checked and repaired at three levels.
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Transposons make up a significant part of genomes of various organisms. Therefore, it is believed that transposition played a major evolutionary role in speciation by changing genome sizes and modifying gene expression patterns. For example, in bacteria, transposition can lead to conferring antibiotic resistance. Movement of transposable elements within the genetic pool of pathogenic bacteria can aid in transfer of antibiotic-resistant genetic elements. In eukaryotes, transposons can carry out...

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  3. Nuclear Transfer Perturbs Genomic Balance.
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Related Experiment Video

An Array-based Comparative Genomic Hybridization Platform for Efficient Detection of Copy Number Variations in Fast Neutron-induced Medicago truncatula Mutants
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Nuclear Transfer Perturbs Genomic Balance.

Eryk Andreas1, Justin C St John1

  • 1Experimental Mitochondrial Genetics Group, School of Biomedicine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia.

Epigenomes
|June 25, 2026

View abstract on PubMed

Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Nuclear transfer in oocytes can help patients with mitochondrial DNA mutations have healthy children. This study differentiates nuclear transfer effects from mitochondrial DNA carryover, revealing impacts on gene networks crucial for offspring health.

Keywords:
gene expressiongenomic balancemetaphase II spindle transfermitochondrial supplementationmtDNAnuclear transferoocytepreimplantation embryo

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Area of Science:

  • Reproductive biology
  • Genetics
  • Developmental biology

Background:

  • Oocyte nuclear transfer offers hope for patients with mitochondrial DNA mutations and fertilization issues.
  • Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) carryover during nuclear transfer complicates outcome analysis.
  • Distinguishing nuclear transfer effects from mtDNA carryover is essential for understanding the technique's safety and efficacy.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To differentiate the effects of nuclear transfer from mitochondrial DNA carryover in oocytes.
  • To analyze gene expression changes in blastocysts after metaphase II spindle transfer and mitochondrial supplementation.
  • To assess the impact of these procedures on key biological pathways.

Main Methods:

  • Generated hatching stage blastocysts using metaphase II spindle transfer and mitochondrial supplementation.
  • Employed an autologous approach in both procedures to mitigate third-party transfer effects.
  • Analyzed global gene expression patterns to compare outcomes between the two groups.

    • Main Results:

    • Nuclear transfer significantly impacted gene networks and pathways, including metabolic, cell cycle, inflammatory, immune, and epigenetic responses.
    • Observed changes in gene expression were not attributable to developmental delay when compared to earlier stage blastocysts.
    • The study identified specific molecular pathways affected by the nuclear transfer process.

    Conclusions:

    • The observed changes in gene expression following nuclear transfer could have implications for offspring health and well-being.
    • Findings highlight the importance of understanding molecular alterations induced by nuclear transfer techniques.
    • Further research is needed to fully elucidate the long-term consequences for offspring health.