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Related Concept Videos

Gene Regulation in Microbial Communities: Quorum Sensing01:28

Gene Regulation in Microbial Communities: Quorum Sensing

Quorum sensing is a mechanism of bacterial communication that enables coordinated gene expression in response to changes in population density. This facilitates collective behaviors that enhance survival, resource acquisition, and ecological adaptation. This process relies on small signaling molecules called autoinducers that accumulate as bacterial populations grow. When a critical threshold concentration of autoinducers is reached, bacterial cells collectively modify gene expression,...
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Antimicrobial Proteins

Antimicrobial proteins are important components of the immune system. They aid the body in combating pathogens by either killing them directly or hindering their replication processes. Four main types of antimicrobial substances are interferons, the complement system, iron-binding proteins, and antimicrobial proteins.
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Defense Against Bacterial Pathogens01:31

Defense Against Bacterial Pathogens

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Phagocytes are the frontline soldiers of the immune system. They include neutrophils and macrophages. Neutrophils are the most abundant type of white blood cell and are quickly mobilized to the site of infection. Macrophages are larger cells that patrol...
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Regulation of Bacterial Virulence

Pathogenic bacteria employ a range of regulatory mechanisms to modulate the expression of virulence genes in response to environmental and host-derived signals. These mechanisms ensure that virulence factors are expressed only under favorable conditions, thereby optimizing infection and survival strategies.Mechanisms of Virulence RegulationKey regulatory strategies include:Two-Component Systems: These consist of a membrane-bound sensor kinase and a cytoplasmic response regulator. Environmental...
Covalently Linked Protein Regulators02:04

Covalently Linked Protein Regulators

Proteins can undergo many types of post-translational modifications, often in response to changes in their environment. These modifications play an important role in the function and stability of these proteins. Covalently linked molecules include functional groups, such as methyl, acetyl, and phosphate groups, and also small proteins, such as ubiquitin. There are around 200 different types of covalent regulators that have been identified.
These groups modify specific amino acids in a protein.
Types of RNA01:23

Types of RNA

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 26, 2026

In-vitro Reconstitution of Bacterial Ubiquitination and VCP/p97-mediated Elimination
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Published on: January 2, 2026

Molecular Functions of Ubiquitin-like Modifiers in Bacterial Infection.

Tohru Tezuka1, Wei Jie Nicholas Yang1, Keisuke Kitahata1

  • 1Laboratory of Integrative Molecular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshida-konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto-shi, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.

Cells
|June 25, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Ubiquitin-like proteins (UBLs) modify proteins to regulate cellular processes. This review explores how UBL systems, like NEDD8 and ISG15, respond to and are manipulated by pathogenic bacteria.

Keywords:
bacterial infectionpost-translational modificationubiquitin-like proteins

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In Vitro Ubiquitination and Deubiquitination Assays of Nucleosomal Histones
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In Vitro Ubiquitination and Deubiquitination Assays of Nucleosomal Histones

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In-vitro Reconstitution of Bacterial Ubiquitination and VCP/p97-mediated Elimination
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Published on: January 2, 2026

Comparative Strategies for Ubiquitination Detection in Mammalian Cell Lysates Using SMAD2/SMURF2 as a Model
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In Vitro Ubiquitination and Deubiquitination Assays of Nucleosomal Histones
11:36

In Vitro Ubiquitination and Deubiquitination Assays of Nucleosomal Histones

Published on: July 25, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Cell Biology
  • Microbiology

Background:

  • Ubiquitin-like proteins (UBLs) are crucial post-translational modifiers regulating diverse cellular functions.
  • UBLs function via a conserved enzymatic cascade involving E1, E2, and E3 enzymes.
  • Recent research highlights the involvement of UBLs in host-pathogen interactions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current understanding of UBL systems in pathogenic bacterial infections.
  • To elucidate the host UBL system's response to bacterial invasion.
  • To examine bacterial manipulation of host UBL pathways.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on UBLs (NEDD8, ISG15, FAT10, UFM1) and bacterial infections.
  • Analysis of host defense mechanisms involving UBLs.
  • Investigation of bacterial strategies to exploit host UBL systems.

Main Results:

  • Host UBL systems are activated during bacterial infection to bolster defense.
  • Pathogenic bacteria have evolved mechanisms to interfere with host UBL conjugation.
  • Specific UBLs like NEDD8, ISG15, FAT10, and UFM1 play distinct roles in infection dynamics.

Conclusions:

  • UBLs are critical components of the host immune response against bacterial pathogens.
  • Bacterial manipulation of UBL pathways is essential for pathogen survival and virulence.
  • Targeting host-pathogen UBL interactions presents potential therapeutic avenues.