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Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012 for this...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 26, 2026

Generation of Mice Derived from Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Generation of Mice Derived from Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Published on: November 29, 2012

Generation of Chimera-Competent Avian iPSCs Using Defined Transcription Factors.

Xinyi Tong¹, Xi Chen¹, Arlene Anicete¹

¹Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research at USC, Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.

|June 25, 2026

Summary

Researchers developed induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) for chickens and other birds using seven specific transcription factors. This breakthrough enables avian stem cell research and aids in conserving endangered avian species.

Keywords:

avian iPSCs reprogramming stem cell self-renewal

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Efficient iPS Cell Generation from Blood Using Episomes and HDAC Inhibitors

Efficient iPS Cell Generation from Blood Using Episomes and HDAC Inhibitors

Published on: October 28, 2014

Area of Science:

Stem Cell Biology
Developmental Biology
Genetics

Background:

Induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technology is established in mammals but underdeveloped in non-mammalian species.
Generating avian iPSCs is challenging due to a lack of species-specific reprogramming factors and suitable culture conditions.
Avian pluripotent stem cells require specific factors for self-renewal.

Purpose of the Study:

To establish a method for generating chicken iPSCs (ciPSCs).
To identify key reprogramming factors for avian pluripotency.
To create a generalizable platform for avian iPSC generation across multiple species.

Main Methods:

Utilized a cocktail of seven chicken transcription factors (T7: Oct4, Sox2, Sox3, Klf4, c-Myc, Nanog, and Lin28B).
Developed an optimized avian culture system to support self-renewal.
Performed transcriptomic, functional, and chimera assays to validate ciPSC pluripotency and potential.

Main Results:

Successfully generated stable ciPSCs that self-renewed for over 40 passages.
Identified Sox3 as the predominant SoxB1 factor in avian reprogramming, not Sox2.
ciPSCs expressed pluripotency markers, differentiated into three germ layers, and contributed to multiple lineages in chimera assays.
Demonstrated the T7 system's efficacy in generating iPSCs from quail, duck, peacock, zebra finch, and pigeon.

Conclusions:

Established a robust platform for generating avian iPSCs, applicable to various bird species.
The findings advance avian developmental biology research and offer potential for germline preservation of endangered avian species.
This work overcomes a significant barrier in non-mammalian stem cell research.