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ECG Interpretation of Arrhythmias II: Atrial, Junctional and Ventricular Arrhythmias

ECG Interpretation of Arrhythmias II: Atrial, Junctional and Ventricular Arrhythmias

Arrhythmia is a condition characterized by an irregular heart rhythm, with ECG changes that differ based on its origin and nature. The types of arrhythmias discussed below include atrial, junctional, and ventricular arrhythmias.Atrial ArrhythmiasPremature Atrial Complexes (PACs): PACs are early atrial beats caused by stress, caffeine, alcohol, electrolyte imbalances, hypoxia, hyperthyroidism, or certain medications (e.g., bronchodilators and decongestants). The ECG shows early P waves with an...

Disturbances in Heart Rhythm

Disturbances in Heart Rhythm

Arrhythmia or dysrhythmia refers to an abnormal heart rhythm caused by a defect in the heart's conduction system. It can cause the heart to beat irregularly, too quickly, or too slowly, leading to symptoms like chest pain, shortness of breath, and fainting. Factors such as stress, caffeine, alcohol, nicotine, cocaine, certain drugs, congenital defects, diseases, and electrolyte abnormalities can trigger arrhythmias.
Arrhythmias are categorized by their speed, rhythm, and origin. A slow heart...

Mechanism of Cardiac Arrhythmias

Mechanism of Cardiac Arrhythmias

Arrhythmias are irregular heart rhythms occurring when the heart's electrical impulses become abnormal. These disturbances can lead to various symptoms, depending on their severity and the underlying cause. Some common factors contributing to arrhythmias include hypoxia, ischemia, electrolyte imbalances, excessive catecholamine exposure, drug toxicity, and muscle overstretching. Arrhythmias can be classified into two main types based on the rate and site of origin of abnormal heart rhythms.

Dysrhythmias III: Characteristics of Dysrhythmias

Dysrhythmias III: Characteristics of Dysrhythmias

Dysrhythmias, also known as arrhythmias, are irregular heart rhythms that result from abnormal electrical activity in the heart, affecting its ability to circulate blood efficiently. Tachyarrhythmias, a subset of dysrhythmias, are characterized by abnormally fast heart rates exceeding 100 beats per minute. Here are some types of tachyarrhythmias with their distinct ECG features:Sinus Tachycardia:Sinus tachycardia presents a regular heart rhythm with an increased rate of 101-180 beats per minute.

Dysrhythmias IV: Characteristics of Bradyarrhythmias

Dysrhythmias IV: Characteristics of Bradyarrhythmias

Bradyarrhythmias are cardiac rhythm disorders characterized by a slower-than-normal heart rate, typically defined as fewer than 60 beats per minute. Some of which are discussed here:Sinus BradycardiaSinus bradycardia presents a heart rate lower than 60 beats per minute, with a regular rhythm originating from the SA node. The ECG typically shows normal P waves preceding each QRS complex, a normal PR interval (0.12 to 0.20 seconds), and a normal QRS duration (0.06 to 0.10 seconds).First-Degree AV...

Electrophysiology of Normal Cardiac Rhythm

Electrophysiology of Normal Cardiac Rhythm

The normal cardiac rhythm is a synchronized electrical activity that facilitates the regular and coordinated contraction of the heart muscle. This process is essential for efficient blood circulation throughout the body. The fundamental elements involved in establishing and maintaining this rhythm include the unique electrical properties of cardiac muscle cells, the sinoatrial (SA) node's pacemaker function, the specialized conducting system, and the ionic mechanisms underlying each phase of...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 26, 2026

Estimating Bilateral Atrial Function by Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Feature Tracking in Patients with Paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation

Estimating Bilateral Atrial Function by Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Feature Tracking in Patients with Paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation

Published on: July 20, 2022

Spatiotemporal Stability of Persistent Atrial Fibrillation Sources: Stable Source or Disease Progression?

Rita B Gagyi¹, Ioan A Minciuna², Mate Vamos¹

¹Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiology Centre, University of Szeged, Semmelweis Street 8, 6725 Szeged, Hungary.

Journal of Cardiovascular Development and Disease

|June 25, 2026

Summary

Persistent atrial fibrillation (AF) sources show some spatiotemporal stability. However, repeat procedures reveal new AF sources, indicating disease progression.

Keywords:

charge density electrographic flow non-invasive mapping panoramic atrial mapping persistent atrial fibrillation

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Published on: July 29, 2011

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Last Updated: Jun 26, 2026

Estimating Bilateral Atrial Function by Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Feature Tracking in Patients with Paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation

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Published on: July 20, 2022

High-Resolution Endocardial and Epicardial Optical Mapping in a Sheep Model of Stretch-Induced Atrial Fibrillation

High-Resolution Endocardial and Epicardial Optical Mapping in a Sheep Model of Stretch-Induced Atrial Fibrillation

Published on: July 29, 2011

Area of Science:

Cardiology
Electrophysiology
Medical Imaging

Background:

Persistent atrial fibrillation (AF) management remains challenging.
Identifying stable arrhythmogenic sources is crucial for effective ablation strategies.

Purpose of the Study:

To evaluate the spatiotemporal stability of extra-pulmonary vein (PV) atrial fibrillation (AF) sources.
To determine if AF sources identified during initial ablation persist in subsequent procedures.

Main Methods:

Utilized panoramic atrial mapping (PAM) systems including CardioInsight, electrographic flow (EGF), and charge density mapping (CDM).
Analyzed AF source locations from initial and redo catheter ablation procedures in 9 patients with persistent AF.
Defined spatiotemporal stability as identical AF source location across initial and redo procedures.

Main Results:

44.4% of patients demonstrated stable AF source localization between initial and redo procedures.
No sources were identified in 2 patients during the repeat procedure.
New AF source locations were observed in 3 patients, suggesting disease progression.

Conclusions:

Evidence suggests spatiotemporal stability of atrial fibrillation (AF) sources.
Novel AF sources can emerge during repeat procedures, reflecting disease progression.
Understanding source stability is key for refining AF ablation techniques.