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Diabetic Retinopathy

Diabetic Retinopathy

DefinitionDiabetic retinopathy is a microvascular complication of diabetes affecting the retinal blood vessels.Risk FactorsDiabetic retinopathy is present in almost all individuals with type 1 diabetes and more than 60% of those with type 2 diabetes after two decades of disease.The risk increases with poor glycemic control, hypertension, dyslipidemia, smoking, pregnancy, and puberty.Although cataracts and glaucoma are also more frequent in people with diabetes, retinopathy remains the leading...

Type II Diabetes II: Pathophysiology

Type II Diabetes II: Pathophysiology

PathophysiologyType 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM ) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by insulin resistance and progressive pancreatic β-cell dysfunction, leading to impaired glucose homeostasis. It results from interactions among genetic predisposition, environmental factors, and metabolic stressors, such as overnutrition and a sedentary lifestyle.Insulin Resistance and Glucose DysregulationEarly T2DM involves insulin resistance in skeletal muscle, adipose tissue, and the liver.

Type I Diabetes II: Pathophysiology

Type I Diabetes II: Pathophysiology

Type 1 diabetes mellitus arises from an immune-mediated destruction of pancreatic β-cells, resulting in an absolute deficiency of insulin. This process develops in genetically susceptible individuals when autoimmunity, environmental exposures, and immunologic dysregulation converge to trigger a targeted attack on the insulin-producing cells of the pancreas. The β-cells are located within the islets of Langerhans and are essential for regulating blood glucose by facilitating cellular uptake of...

Type I Diabetes III: Clinical Manifestations

Type I Diabetes III: Clinical Manifestations

Type 1 diabetes mellitus typically presents with rapid-onset symptoms due to the body’s inability to utilize glucose in the absence of insulin. Since insulin is required for glucose uptake into cells, its deficiency leads to hyperglycemia and cellular energy deprivation, resulting in characteristic clinical features.Polyuria and PolydipsiaOne of the earliest, most prominent symptoms is polyuria (excessive urination). When blood glucose concentrations rise above the renal threshold, the kidneys...

Diabetes: Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Complications

Diabetes: Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Complications

For most patients, experiencing several weeks of polyuria, polydipsia, fatigue, and significant weight loss may indicate the presence of diabetes. Furthermore, adults displaying the phenotypic appearance of type 2 diabetes (particularly those who are obese and not initially insulin-requiring), may have islet cell autoantibodies, suggesting autoimmune-mediated β cell destruction and a diagnosis of latent autoimmune diabetes of adults (LADA). The categorization of glucose homeostasis is based on...

Type II Diabetes Mellitus III: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnosis

Type II Diabetes Mellitus III: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnosis

Type 2 diabetes mellitus develops gradually and is often asymptomatic in early stages.Clinical ManifestationsWhen symptoms appear, they include fatigue, blurred vision, pruritus, delayed wound healing, and recurrent infections, particularly candidal infections. Peripheral neuropathy may present as numbness or tingling in the extremities. Classic hyperglycemia symptoms—polyuria, polydipsia, and polyphagia—are less common. Most patients are overweight and frequently have associated hypertension...

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Diabetes May Modulate the Association Between Age and Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography Parameters: A Serial,

Abu Taha^1,2,3, Yi Stephanie Zhang^1,3,4, Chu Jian Ma^1,3,5

¹Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, 490 Illinois Street, Floor 5, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.

Journal of Personalized Medicine

|June 25, 2026

Summary

Aging significantly impacts retinal microvasculature, with diabetes and early retinopathy altering these age-related changes. Optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) reveals these differences, aiding in early diabetic retinopathy (DR) management.

Keywords:

OCTA age diabetic retinopathy interaction personalized screening

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Evaluation of Capillary and Other Vessel Contribution to Macular Perfusion Density Measured with Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography

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Published on: February 18, 2022

Retinal Vascular Reactivity as Assessed by Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography

Retinal Vascular Reactivity as Assessed by Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography

Published on: March 26, 2020

Area of Science:

Ophthalmology
Vascular Biology
Medical Imaging

Background:

Aging affects retinal microvasculature.
Diabetes mellitus (DM) can exacerbate vascular changes.
Early detection of diabetic retinopathy (DR) is crucial for management.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the association between age and retinal microvasculature parameters using OCTA.
To examine how diabetes status modifies the age-related changes in retinal vasculature.
To identify early biomarkers for DR.

Main Methods:

Serial, cross-sectional study of 1855 adults (healthy, DM without DR, mild NPDR).
Macular OCTA imaging to analyze foveal avascular zone (FAZ) area/perimeter, vessel density (VD), vessel length density (VLD), and flow index (FI) of SCP and DCP.
Multivariable linear regression models to assess associations between OCTA parameters and age.

Main Results:

Increasing age correlated with decreased SCP and DCP VD and VLD in both diabetic and non-diabetic individuals.
The association between age and SCP/DCP FI differed significantly between diabetic patients and controls.
These findings highlight altered retinal vascular homeostasis in diabetes.

Conclusions:

The impact of aging on OCTA parameters varies between healthy individuals and those with early DR.
Diabetic pathophysiology significantly alters retinal vascular homeostasis.
These insights can guide personalized DR management strategies based on risk scores.