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Related Concept Videos

Cardiomyopathy III: Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy01:29

Cardiomyopathy III: Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, or HCM, is an autosomal dominant genetic disorder characterized by asymmetric left ventricular hypertrophy without ventricular dilation. It is more common in men and is typically diagnosed in young, athletic adults.EtiologyHCM is primarily genetic and is caused by mutations in genes encoding sarcomeric proteins. Researchers have identified over 1400 mutations across at least 11 different genes. Among these, the most frequently occurring mutations are found in the...
Cardiomyopathy V: Interprofessional Care01:29

Cardiomyopathy V: Interprofessional Care

Managing cardiomyopathy involves addressing underlying or precipitating causes, treating heart failure with medications, and implementing dietary changes and a balanced exercise and rest regimen.Lifestyle ModificationsCardiomyopathy patients should adopt a low-sodium diet to reduce fluid retention and manage heart failure. A personalized exercise and rest plan helps maintain physical fitness without overstraining the heart. Avoiding alcohol and tobacco is essential to prevent further damage to...
Cardiomyopathy I: Introduction and Classification01:25

Cardiomyopathy I: Introduction and Classification

Cardiomyopathy, or CMP, is a group of diseases affecting the myocardial structure, impairing its ability to pump blood effectively. This condition can lead to arrhythmias, heart failure, or sudden cardiac death.Cardiomyopathies are classified into primary and secondary categories:Primary Cardiomyopathy refers to conditions involving only the heart muscle that are often idiopathic (of unknown cause) or genetic. They primarily affect the myocardium without the involvement of other systemic...
Cardiomyopathy II: Dilated Cardiomyopathy01:30

Cardiomyopathy II: Dilated Cardiomyopathy

Dilated cardiomyopathy, or DCM, is a progressive myocardial disorder characterized by ventricular chamber dilation and contractile dysfunction.EtiologyVarious factors can cause DCM, including hypertension and heavy alcohol intake, which contribute to the weakening and enlargement of the heart muscle. Viral infections, such as Coxsackievirus B, adenoviruses, and influenza, can lead to DCM by causing inflammation and damage to heart tissue. Certain chemotherapeutic agents, including daunorubicin,...
Heart Failure IV: Classification and Diagnostic Evaluation01:30

Heart Failure IV: Classification and Diagnostic Evaluation

Heart failure can be classified in various ways, with the most common classifications based on physical activity limitations, disease progression, severity, and treatment strategies.The Functional Classification of Heart Failure divides patients into four categories based on physical activity limitation due to symptom burden.Class I: Patients in this class have cardiac disease but no physical activity limitations. Ordinary activities like walking, climbing stairs, or routine tasks do not cause...
Pathophysiology of Heart Failure01:17

Pathophysiology of Heart Failure

Heart failure (HF) is a progressive syndrome involving ventricles that leads to inadequate cardiac output. It can be classified based on location and output or ejection fraction. Ejection fraction (EF) is an essential measurement in the diagnosis and surveillance of HF. Reduced EF corresponds to systolic heart failure (HFrEF). However, HF with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is becoming increasingly prevalent. Also known as diastolic HF, this form of HF is related to aging. The...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 26, 2026

Investigating the Pathogenesis of MYH7 Mutation Gly823Glu in Familial Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy using a Mouse Model
03:45

Investigating the Pathogenesis of MYH7 Mutation Gly823Glu in Familial Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy using a Mouse Model

Published on: August 8, 2022

Personalized Sudden Cardiac Death Risk Stratification in Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy: Beyond Conventional Risk

Jacopo Costantino1,2,3, Federico Ballatore1, Daniele Porcelli3

  • 1Department of Medical and Cardiovascular Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Roma, Italy.

Journal of Personalized Medicine
|June 25, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Identifying hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) patients at risk for sudden cardiac death (SCD) is challenging. Personalized risk assessment combining scores, advanced imaging, genetics, and patient values is crucial for implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) decisions.

Keywords:
hypertrophic cardiomyopathyimplantable cardioverter-defibrillatorlate gadolinium enhancementmavacamtenrisk stratificationsudden cardiac death

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 26, 2026

Investigating the Pathogenesis of MYH7 Mutation Gly823Glu in Familial Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy using a Mouse Model
03:45

Investigating the Pathogenesis of MYH7 Mutation Gly823Glu in Familial Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy using a Mouse Model

Published on: August 8, 2022

Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Genetics
  • Medical Devices

Background:

  • Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy (HCM) is a common inherited heart muscle disease.
  • It is a significant cause of ventricular arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death (SCD), especially in young individuals.
  • Accurately identifying high-risk patients for primary prevention with implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (ICDs) remains a clinical challenge.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current strategies for risk stratification in HCM.
  • To discuss limitations of existing risk scores and the role of additional risk modifiers.
  • To explore the impact of emerging therapies and the importance of personalized decision-making for ICD implantation.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current European (HCM Risk-SCD score) and American risk stratification paradigms.
  • Discussion of additional prognostic factors including late gadolinium enhancement, left ventricular dysfunction, apical aneurysm, and genetic findings.
  • Consideration of emerging disease-modifying therapies like Mavacamten and their potential impact on risk assessment.

Main Results:

  • Current risk stratification strategies (HCM Risk-SCD score and clinical markers) have strengths and limitations.
  • Advanced phenotyping (e.g., late gadolinium enhancement, genetic findings) provides incremental prognostic information.
  • The efficacy of new therapies in reducing SCD risk requires further investigation.

Conclusions:

  • Risk assessment for SCD in HCM is evolving beyond traditional scores.
  • A personalized and dynamic approach integrating predictive tools, advanced phenotyping, therapies, and patient preferences is essential.
  • Shared decision-making is critical for guiding individualized ICD implantation decisions in HCM patients.