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Related Concept Videos

Pulse Oximetry01:24

Pulse Oximetry

Pulse oximetry, or SpO2, is a non-invasive method for continuously monitoring arterial oxygen saturation (SaO2). This procedure involves attaching a probe or sensor to the patient's fingertip, forehead, earlobe, or nose bridge. The sensor works by detecting changes in oxygen saturation levels through light signals generated by the oximeter and reflected by the pulsing blood under the probe.
Purpose
Average SpO2 values are greater than 95%. If the readings fall below 90%, it indicates that...
Special considerations while measuring oxygen saturation01:19

Special considerations while measuring oxygen saturation

Assessing respiratory rate concurrently with pulse measurement is fundamental to patient care, providing valuable insights into the patient's respiratory function. The normal breathing rate for an adult usually falls within a normal range of 12 to 20 breaths per minute. Abnormal respiratory rates can signal underlying health conditions or the need for immediate intervention.
Ensuring accuracy in vital sign recordings while prioritizing patient comfort and minimizing anxiety is important. 

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 26, 2026

Non-Invasive Monitoring of Microvascular Oxygenation and Reactive Hyperemia using Hybrid, Near-Infrared Diffuse Optical Spectroscopy for Critical Care
14:28

Non-Invasive Monitoring of Microvascular Oxygenation and Reactive Hyperemia using Hybrid, Near-Infrared Diffuse Optical Spectroscopy for Critical Care

Published on: May 10, 2024

Sustained Decrease in Oxygen Saturation in Human Fibular Fractures Monitored with Laser-Doppler and White-Light

Tokio Kawamura1,2,3, Selma Fensel-Merz1,4, Marcel Orth4

  • 1Department of Experimental Musculoskeletal Medicine, Clinics and Institutes of Surgery, Saarland University, 66421 Homburg, Germany.

Journal of Functional Biomaterials
|June 25, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Noninvasive light measurements reveal prolonged low oxygen saturation in fibular fracture healing. This finding may offer insights into fracture nonunion and guide smart implant development.

Keywords:
blood flowbonehuman physiologynonunionorthopedic surgeryoxygenationperfusionsmart implant

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Near-Infrared Spectroscopy During Reactive Hyperemia for the Assessment of Lower Limb Vascular Function

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Near-Infrared Spectroscopy During Reactive Hyperemia for the Assessment of Lower Limb Vascular Function
04:44

Near-Infrared Spectroscopy During Reactive Hyperemia for the Assessment of Lower Limb Vascular Function

Published on: March 22, 2024

Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Orthopedic Surgery
  • Medical Diagnostics

Background:

  • Noninvasive light-based techniques show promise for monitoring fracture healing.
  • Development of smart implants necessitates understanding bone healing dynamics.
  • Longitudinal in vivo data for human distal fibular fractures is currently limited.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To gather initial exploratory longitudinal in vivo data from human distal fibular fractures.
  • To investigate blood flow, oxygen saturation, and relative hemoglobin during fracture healing.
  • To compare healing patterns in fibular fractures with healthy controls and nonunion cases.

Main Methods:

  • Prospective observational pilot study involving human distal fibular fractures.
  • Noninvasive measurements using combined laser Doppler and white-light spectroscopy.
  • Data collection at multiple time points (1-3 days to 6 months post-surgery) at 3 mm and 10 mm depths.

Main Results:

  • Oxygen saturation at 10 mm depth significantly decreased in fracture patients and remained low for 6 months.
  • Blood flow and relative hemoglobin levels were elevated compared to controls but showed no longitudinal change.
  • A single nonunion case exhibited very low oxygen saturation (8.3%) with increased blood flow.

Conclusions:

  • Fibular fractures treated with plate fixation show a prolonged low-oxygen saturation phase.
  • This contrasts with faster recovery seen in tibial shaft fractures, suggesting anatomical or healing mechanism differences.
  • Low oxygen saturation in nonunion warrants further investigation for prognostic potential.