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Related Concept Videos

Language Development01:22

Language Development

Children master language quickly and with relative ease, supported by both biological predisposition and reinforcement. B. F. Skinner (1957) proposed that language is learned through reinforcement, while Noam Chomsky (1965) argued that language acquisition mechanisms are biologically determined.
The critical period for language acquisition suggests that the ability to acquire language is at its peak early in life. As people age, this proficiency decreases. Language development begins very...
Language and Cognition01:27

Language and Cognition

Language serves as a bridge between ideas and communication, influencing how individuals perceive and interact with the world. Psychologists have long debated whether language shapes thought or vice versa. This discussion gained grip with Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf in the 1940s, who proposed that language determines thought, a concept known as linguistic determinism. They suggested that the vocabulary and structure of a language influence how its speakers think and perceive reality.
Mnemonic Devices01:23

Mnemonic Devices

Mnemonic devices are cognitive tools that facilitate memory retention by linking new information to familiar patterns or organizational strategies. These techniques are beneficial for remembering complex or lengthy sets of information by simplifying and structuring them in easily retrievable ways.
Acronyms
Acronyms are created by using the initial letters of a series of words to form a new word or phrase. This approach condenses complex information into a single, memorable entity. For example,...
Higher Mental Functions of Brain: Learning and Memory01:26

Higher Mental Functions of Brain: Learning and Memory

Memory is one of the most vital higher mental functions of the brain. Memory is closely related to learning because it enables us to retain information and experiences from our past to use them in our present life. It also helps us to remember facts, events, and skills, such as riding a bike or swimming. There are two types of memory — declarative memory, which involves memorizing facts or events, and procedural memory, which enables us to remember how to do something like writing or playing an...
Components of Language01:24

Components of Language

Language, whether spoken, signed, or written, consists of specific components: lexicon and grammar. The lexicon is the vocabulary of a language, comprising its words. Grammar is the set of rules used to convey meaning through the lexicon. For example, English grammar adds “-ed” to most verbs to indicate past tense. Words are formed by combining phonemes, which are the basic sound units of a language. Different languages have different sets of phonemes (e.g., “ah” vs. “eh”). Phonemes combine to...
Elaborative Rehearsals01:07

Elaborative Rehearsals

Elaborative rehearsal is a crucial cognitive strategy that strengthens information encoding in long-term memory by making meaningful connections between new data and pre-existing knowledge. This approach contrasts with maintenance rehearsal, which involves simple repetition without delving into the significance of the information. While maintenance rehearsal might temporarily keep information active in short-term memory, it is less effective for long-term retention.
The effectiveness of...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 26, 2026

Examining Recall Memory in Infancy and Early Childhood Using the Elicited Imitation Paradigm
06:35

Examining Recall Memory in Infancy and Early Childhood Using the Elicited Imitation Paradigm

Published on: April 28, 2016

How Memory Shapes Second-Language Vocabulary Acquisition in Primary School Learners.

Caterina Artuso1, Loreta Cannito2, Eugenio Trotta3

  • 1Department of Education Sciences, University of Genova, 16126 Genova, Italy.

Journal of Intelligence
|June 25, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Long-term memory, specifically delayed recall, is key for children learning a new language (L2). Gender differences in early L2 vocabulary acquisition fade over time.

Keywords:
gender effectsmemory systemssecond languagevocabulary learning

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The (Spatial) Memory Game: Testing the Relationship Between Spatial Language, Object Knowledge, and Spatial Cognition
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Last Updated: Jun 26, 2026

Examining Recall Memory in Infancy and Early Childhood Using the Elicited Imitation Paradigm
06:35

Examining Recall Memory in Infancy and Early Childhood Using the Elicited Imitation Paradigm

Published on: April 28, 2016

The (Spatial) Memory Game: Testing the Relationship Between Spatial Language, Object Knowledge, and Spatial Cognition
05:15

The (Spatial) Memory Game: Testing the Relationship Between Spatial Language, Object Knowledge, and Spatial Cognition

Published on: February 19, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Developmental Psychology
  • Cognitive Science
  • Second Language Acquisition

Background:

  • Current models of second-language (L2) vocabulary acquisition primarily focus on the phonological loop.
  • The specific relationship between short-term memory and long-term memory in L2 learning is not well understood.
  • Longitudinal studies are needed to explore memory's role in L2 growth during early education.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the interplay between different memory systems and L2 vocabulary acquisition in primary school children.
  • To identify specific short-term and long-term memory predictors of L2 vocabulary growth over a six-month period.
  • To examine potential gender differences in memory-based L2 acquisition.

Main Methods:

  • A longitudinal study design was employed with 82 primary school children (second and third graders).
  • Participants' short-term memory and long-term memory abilities were assessed over six months.
  • Delayed non-word recall and immediate repetition tasks were used to measure memory performance.

Main Results:

  • Delayed non-word recall emerged as a significant predictor of L2 vocabulary acquisition, more so than immediate repetition.
  • A notable primacy effect was observed, suggesting the importance of initial long-term consolidation.
  • An interaction between gender and memory was found: females showed an initial advantage in L2 acquisition, but this diminished over time.

Conclusions:

  • Long-term memory consolidation, indicated by delayed recall and primacy effects, is a crucial factor in L2 vocabulary acquisition models.
  • The findings challenge the overemphasis on the phonological loop in current L2 acquisition theories.
  • Cognitive strategies for L2 word learning may differ between genders, warranting further investigation.